Turkey - REFERENCE

---

Turkey - Appendix. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coefficients and Factors

Table 2. The House of Osman: Sultans of the Ottoman Empire, 1281-1922

Table 3. Presidents and Prime Ministers, 1920-95

Table 4. Population by Age-Group, 1980, 1990, and 2000 (in percentages)

Source: Based on information from The Dorling Kindersley World Reference Atlas, New York, 1994, 546

Table 5. Economically Active Population by Sector, Selected Years, 1970-93 (in thousands of workers over age fifteen)

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 9.

Table 6. Summary of Consolidated Budget, 1988-93 (in billions of Turkish lira)

Table 7. Production of Major Agricultural Commodities, 1987-92 (in thousands of tons)

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Turkey, 1994-95, London, 1994, 24.

Table 8. Energy Production, 1988-92 (in thousands of tons unless otherwise indicated)

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Turkey, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 28; and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Energy Balances of OECD Countries, 1991-1992, Paris, 1994, 170.

Table 9. Exports by Commodity, 1987-92 (in millions of United States dollars)

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 96; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Turkey, 1994-95, London, 1994, 43.

Table 10. Imports by Commodity, 1987-92 (in millions of United States dollars)

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 97; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Turkey, 1994-95, London, 1994, 44.

Table 11. Major Trading Partners, 1988-95

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-opearation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 99.

Table 12. Summary of Balance of Payments, Selected Years, 1985-93 (in millions of United States dollars)

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 100.

Table 13. Major Army Equipment, 1994

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 66-67

Table 14. Major Air Force Equipment, 1994

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 68.

Table 15. Major Naval Equipment, 1994

Source: Based on information from Jane's Fighting Ships, 1994-95, London, 1994, 704-22.

1.Date of beginning of reign is approximate.

2.The period 1403-13, during which the sons of Bayezid I contested succession to the sultanate, is cited as an interregnum by many sources. Other sources date the beginning of the reign of Mehmet I from 1403.

3.S�leyman II in some sources.

4.S�leyman III in some sources.

5.Sultanate abolished 1922; Abd�lmecid II (brother of Mehmet VI) remained as caliph 1922-24.

6.President of the Grand National Assembly.

7.CHP--Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People's Party).

8.DP--Demokrat Partisi (Democrat Party).

9.Interim government under Committee of National Unity.

10.AP--Adalet Partisi (Justice Party).

11.Acting prime minister.

12.NRP--National Reliance Party.

13.Evren functioned as head of the National Security Council, or de facto chief of state, from September 1980 to November 1982.

14.ANAP--Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party).

15.DYP--Dogru Yol Partisi (True Path Party).

16.Caretaker prime minister.

17.Projected.

18.Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

19.For value of the Turkish lira--see Glossary.

20.SEEs--State Economic Enterprises.

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmnent, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 105.

21.C.I.F.--Cost, insurance, and freight.

22.OECD--Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

23.EU--European Union.

24f.o.b.--free on board.

Turkey

Source: U.S. Library of Congress

Turkey - Appendix B - Political Parties and Labor Organizations

Political Parties and Labor Organizations

ANAP

Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party). Founded in May 1983 under the leadership of Turgut �zal. The ruling party following the 1983 election, the center-right ANAP included mostly former members of the pre-1980 AP (Adalet Partisi) (q.v.) .

AP

Adalet Partisi (Justice Party). Established in 1961, one of the two major parties prior to the September 1980 coup, led by S�leyman Demirel. Following its dissolution by the National Security Council, many of its members subsequently joined the ANAP (q.v.) or the DYP (q.v.)

Birlik ve Baris (Unity and Peace).

Splinter from RP (q.v.) in 1992.

BTP

B�y�k T�rkiye Partisi (Grand Turkey Party). Founded in May 1983 and banned the same month for having connections with the dissolved AP (q.v.). Its supporters then formed the center-right DYP (q.v.).

CHP

Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People's Party). Founded in the 1920s and led by Atat�rk until his death in 1938. Headed by B�lent Ecevit in the 1970s, it was one of the major parties prior to the 1980 coup. A majority of its deputies ultimately regrouped in the left-of-center SHP (q.v.); others joined the DSP (q.v.). Party reactivated by Deniz Baykal in 1992. In 1995 the SHP dissolved itself, and many members joined the CHP.

CNU

Committee of National Unity. Composed of thirty-eight officers who executed the May 1960 coup; the CNU governed the country until a constituent assembly was formed in January 1961.

Demokratik Partisi (Democratic Party)

Formed in 1971 by former AP (q.v.) members who disapproved of S�leyman Demirel's leadership; merged with the AP shortly before the 1980 coup. Not a successor to the DP (q.v.).

DEP

Demokrasi Partisi (Democracy Party). Pro-Kurd party formed in 1993 on demise of the HEP (q.v.), proscribed by Constitutional Court in June 1994.

Dev Sol

Devrim�i Sol (Revolutionary Left Party). A radical movement espousing Marxist ideology and advocating violent tactics against state institutions.

DISK

T�rkiye Devrim�i Is�i Sendikalari Konfederasyonu (Confederation of Revolutionary Workers' Trade Unions of Turkey). Federation of trade unions second in importance only to T�rk-Is (q.v.) before 1980. Banned after 1980, DISK was less influential in the mid-1990s than some of the other labor organizations.

DP

Demokrat Partisi (Democrat Party). Founded in 1946, the party secured power in the 1950 election. It was overthrown and declared illegal by the armed forces in 1960. Should not be confused with the Demokratik Partisi (q.v.). Party reactivated in 1992.

DSP

Demokratik Sol Partisi (Democratic Left Party). Founded in November 1985 by Rahsan Ecevit, wife of former CHP (q.v.) leader B�lent Ecevit, who had been banned from political activity. The party advocated a more radical variety of democratic socialism than the SHP (q.v.).

DYP

Dogru Yol Partisi (True Path Party). Founded in June 1983 after the dissolution of the BTP (q.v.). The center-right party was considered to be the successor to the banned AP (q.v.). Former AP leader S�leyman Demirel was its leader before becoming president. Head in 1995 was Prime Minister Tansu �iller.

HADEP

Halkin Demokrasi Partisi (People's Democracy Party). Formed in June 1994 as pro-Kurd party.

Hak-Is

T�rkiye Hak Is�i Sendikalari Konfederasyonu (Confederation of Turkish Just Workers' Unions). Pro-Islamist union.

HDP

H�r Demokrat Partisi (Free Democratic Party). A short-lived right-wing party founded in 1983 by former members of the MDP (q.v.) under the leadership of Mehmet Yazar. The HDP was disbanded the same year.

HEP

Halkin Emek Partisi (People's Labor Party). Formed in late 1991 to promote full equality of Kurds and Turks within Turkey. Outlawed in 1993.

HP

Halk�i Partisi (Populist Party). Founded in May 1983, it was one of the three parties allowed to compete in the 1983 general election. It merged with Sodep (q.v.) in November 1985 to form the SHP (q.v.).

M�P

Milliyet�i �alisma Partisi (Nationalist Labor Party). Founded in July 1983 and originally named the Conservative Party, it changed its name in November 1985 to M�P. The conservative nationalist party is considered to be the successor to the MHP (q.v.). In 1993 the party reassumed the name of the Nationalist Action Party (MHP).

MDP

Milliyet�i Demokrasi Partisi (Nationalist Democracy Party). Founded in May 1983 under the leadership of General Turgut Sunalp, the party never gained popular support and was dissolved in April 1986.

MHP

Milliyet�i Hareket Partisi (Nationalist Action Party). A militant, nationalist party led by Alparslan T�rkes. It was associated with the pre-1980 violence and was banned following the coup. The M�P (q.v.) was considered to be its successor prior to changing its name to MHP in 1993.

MISK

T�rkiye Milliyet�i Is�i Sendikalari Konfederasyonu (Confederation of Turkish Nationalist Workers' Unions). Government-sponsored federation of labor unions.

MSP

Milli Selamet Partisi (National Salvation Party). Founded in 1972 and dissolved in 1980, this conservative, religiously oriented party served in various government coalitions prior to the 1980 coup. Many of its members subsequently supported the RP (q.v.).

OZEP

Freedom and Labor Party. Splinter from SHP (q.v.) formed in 1992.

PKK

Partiya Karkere Kurdistan (Kurdistan Workers' Party). Founded in late 1960s. Initiated armed insurrection on behalf of an independent Kurdistan in 1984; fighting continued through 1995.

RP

Refah Partisi (Welfare Party; also seen as Prosperity Party). A religious party based on Islamic principles; successor to the MSP (q.v.).

SHP

Sosyal Demokrat Halk�i Parti (Social Democratic Populist Party). Formed in November 1985 by the merger of two left-of-center parties, Sodep (q.v.) and the HP (q.v.). Dissolved itself in mid-1995, and many members joined the CHP (q.v.).

Sodep

Sosyal Demokrat Parti (Social Democratic Party). Founded in July 1983, it had the support of the moderate left that had backed the pre-coup CHP (q.v.). Merged with the HP (q.v.) in 1985 to form the SHP (q.v.).

TISK

T�rkiye Isveren Sendikalari Konfederasyonu (Turkish Confederation of Employers' Associations). A confederation of employers' associations, concerned primarily with labor-management relations.

TOB

T�rkiye Odalar Birligi (Turkish Trade Association). Organization that has represented the interests of merchants and industrialists since the early 1950s. In later years, it has been identified primarily with small and medium-sized firms.

T�rk-Is

T�rkiye Is�i Sendikalari Konfederasyonu (Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions). The largest and most influential of the union federations.

Turkish Communist Party

Joined TWP (q.v.) in 1987 to form Turkish United Communist Party.

T�rkiye Birlesik Kom�nist Partisi (Turkish United Communist Party).

Created in 1987 by merger of TWP and Turkish Communist Party. Party was banned shortly thereafter, decriminalized in 1991, and then again proscribed.

T�SIAD

T�rk Sanayi�ileri ve Is Adamlari Dernegi (Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association). Organization that represents the interests of big business.

TWP

Turkish Workers' Party. Joined with Turkish Communist Party in 1987 to form the T�rkiye Birlesik Kom�nist Partisi (q.v.).

VAP

Vatandas Partisi (Citizens' Party). Founded in March 1986 under the leadership of former ANAP (q.v.) member Vural Arikan. A small center-right party, its two parliamentary deputies joined the DYP (q.v.) in December 1986.

Turkey

Turkey - Bibliography

Ahmad, Feroz. The Making of Modern Turkey. New York: Routledge, 1993.

Ahmad, Feroz. The Turkish Experiment in Democracy, 1950-1975. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1977.

Ahmad, Feroz. The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908-1911. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.

Alderson, Anthony D. The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1982.

Anderson, Perry. Lineages of the Absolutist State. London: New Left Books, 1974.

Arfa, Hassan. The Kurds: An Historical and Political Study. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.

Armstrong, Harold C. Gray Wolf: The Life of Kemal Atat�rk. (Epilogue by Emil Lengyel.) New York: Capricorn, 1969.

Atil, Esin. The Age of Sultan S�leyman the Magnificent. New York: Abrams, 1987.

Babinger, Franz. Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. (Bollingen Series, No. 96.) Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.

Barchard, David. Turkey and the West. (Chatham House Papers, No. 27, published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.

Batu, H�mit, and Jean-Louis Bacqu�-Grammont, eds. L'Empire Ottoman, la r�publique de Turquie et la France. Istanbul: Isis, 1986.

Berberoglu, Berch. Turkey in Crisis: From State Capitalism to Neo-Colonialism. London: Zed Press, 1982.

Bianchi, Robert. Interest Groups and Political Development in Turkey. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

Bodurgil, Abraham. Turkey: Politics and Government, A Bibliography, 1938-1975. Washington: Library of Congress, 1978.

Bodurgil, Abraham, comp. Kemal Atat�rk: A Centennial Bibliography (1881-1981). Washington: Library of Congress, 1984.

B�l�kbasi, S�ha. The Superpowers and the Third World: Turkish-American Relations and Cyprus. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1988.

Bournoutian, George A. A History of the Armenian People, 1. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda, 1993.

Braude, Benjamin, and Bernard Lewis, eds. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society. (2 vols.) New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982.

Bridge, Antony. S�leiman the Magnificent: Scourge of Heaven. London: Granada, 1983.

Brummett, Palmira. Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.

Burton, J.A. "Relations Between the Khanate of Bukhara and Ottoman Turkey, 1558-1702," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 1990-91, 83-103.

Cahen, Claude. Pre-Ottoman Turkey. New York: Taplinger, 1968.

Campany, Richard C., Jr. Turkey and the United States: The Arms Embargo Period. New York: Praeger, 1986.

Cemal, Pasa. Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913-1919. New York: Arno Press, 1973.

�i�ek, Kemal. "Living Together: Muslim-Christian Relations in 18th-Century Cyprus as Reflected by the Shari'a Court Record," Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations [Birmingham, United Kingdom], 4, No. 1, 1993.

Cook, M.A., ed. A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

Davison, Roderic H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.

Davison, Roderic H. Turkey: A Short History. (2d ed.) Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1988.

DeLuca, Anthony R. The Great Power Rivalry at the Turkish Straits: The Montreux Conference and the Convention of 1936. (East European Monographs.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981.

Devereux, Robert. The First Ottoman Constitutional Period. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963.

Dodd, Clement H., ed. The Political, Social, and Economic Development of Northern Cyprus. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1993.

Dodd, Clement H., ed. Turkish Foreign Policy: New Prospects. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1992.

Ertek�n, Necati M. The Cyprus Dispute and the Birth of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Nicosia, Northern Cyprus: Rustem, 1984.

Evin, Ahmet, ed. Modern Turkey: Continuity and Change. (Schriften des Deutschen Orient-Instituts.) Oplanden, West Germany: Leske and Budrich, 1984.

Farah, Caesar E., ed. Decision Making and Change in the Ottoman Empire. Kirksville, Missouri: Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1993.

Faroqhi, Suraiya. Men of Modest Substance: House Owners and House Property in 17th-Century Ankara and Kayseri. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Findley, Carter V. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.

Findley, Carter V. Ottoman Civil Officialdom: A Social History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Finkel, Andrew, and N�khet Sirman, eds. Turkish State, Turkish Society. New York: Routledge, 1990.

Frangakis-Syrett, Elena. The Commerce of Smyrna in the Eighteenth Century, 1700-1820. Athens: Center for Asia Minor Studies, 1992.

Frazee, Charles A. Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire, 1453-1923. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Frey, Frederick W. The Turkish Political Elite. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press, 1965.

Geyikdagi, Mehmett Yasar. Political Parties in Turkey: The Role of Islam. New York: Praeger, 1984.

G��ek, Fatma M�ge. East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Goffman, Daniel. Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550-1650. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990.

G�kalp, Ziya. The Principles of Turkism. Trans., Robert Devereux. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1968.

Gunter, Michael M. The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.

Gunter, Michael M. "Pursuing the Just Cause of Their People": A Study of Contemporary Armenian Terrorism. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986.

Hale, William M. The Political and Economic Development of Modern Turkey. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.

Halley, Laurence. Ancient Affections: Ethnic Groups and Foreign Policy. New York: Praeger, 1985.

Harris, George S. Turkey: Coping with Crisis. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1985.

Hart, Parker T. Two NATO Allies at the Threshold of War--Cyprus: A Firsthand Account of Crisis Management, 1965-1968. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1990.

Heper, Metin. "Islam, Polity, and Society in Turkey: A Middle Eastern Perspective," Middle East Journal, 35, No. 3, Summer 1981, 345-63.

Heper, Metin. The State Tradition in Turkey. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1985.

Heper, Metin, and Ahmet Evin, eds. State, Democracy, and the Military: Turkey in the 1980s. New York: de Gruyter, 1988.

Heper, Metin, and Jacob M. Landau, eds. Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey. New York: Tauris, 1991.

Heyd, Uriel. Foundations of Turkish Nationalism: The Life and Teachings of Ziya G�kalp. London: Luzac, 1950.

Heyd, Uriel. "The Later Ottoman Empire in Rumelia and Anatolia." Pages 354-73 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Holt, P.M. "The Later Ottoman Empire in Egypt and the Fertile Crescent." Pages 274-92 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Howard, Harry N. The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913-1923. New York: Ferig, 1966.

Inalcik, Halil. "The Emergence of the Ottomans." Pages 263-73 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Inalcik, Halil. "The Heyday and Decline of the Ottoman Empire." Pages 324-53 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300-1600. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973.

Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organization, and Economy. London: Variorum, 1978.

Inalcik, Halil. "The Rise of the Ottoman Empire." Pages 293-323 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Islamoglu-Inan, Huri, ed. The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Issawi, Charles. The Economic History of Turkey, 1800-1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

Itzkowitz, Norman. Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Jennings, Ronald C. Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571-1640. New York: New York University Press, 1993.

Karpat, Kemal H. "The Memoirs of N. Batzaria: The Young Turks and Nationalism," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 6, No. 3, July 1975, 276-99.

Karpat, Kemal H. "The Military and Politics in Turkey, 1960-64: A Socio-Cultural Analysis of a Revolution," American Historical Review, 75, No. 6, October 1970, 1654-83.

Karpat, Kemal H. "Modern Turkey." Pages 527-65 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Karpat, Kemal H. "Political Developments in Turkey, 1950-70," Middle Eastern Studies [London], 8, No. 3, October 1972, 349-75.

Karpat, Kemal H. "The Transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789-1908," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 3, No. 3, July 1972, 243-81.

Karpat, Kemal H. Turkey's Politics: The Transition to a Multi-Party System. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959.

Karpat, Kemal H. "Turkish Democracy at Impasse: Ideology, Party Politics, and the Third Military Intervention," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 2, No. 1, Spring-Summer 1981, 1-43.

Karpat, Kemal H., ed. Political and Social Thought in the Contemporary Middle East. New York: Praeger, 1968.

Kasaba, Resat. "Izmir," Review, 16, No. 4, 1993, 387-410.

Kasaba, Resat. The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy: The 19th Century. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.

Kazancigil, Ali, and Erg�n �zbudun, eds. Atat�rk: Founder of a Modern State. London: Hurst, 1981.

Keyder, �aglar. "Port Cities in the Ottoman Empire: Some Theoretical and Historical Perspectives," Review, 16, No. 4, 1993, 519-58.

Kinross, Patrick Balfour. Atat�rk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father of Modern Turkey. New York: Morrow, 1965.

Kinross, Patrick Balfour. The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow, 1977.

"Kurdistan in Turkey." Pages 38-94 in Gerard Chaliand, ed., A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. London: Zed Books, 1993.

Landau, Jacob M. "The Nationalist Action Party in Turkey," Journal of Contemporary History [London], 17, No. 4, October 1982, 587-606.

Landau, Jacob M. Pan-Turkism in Turkey: A Study of Irredentism. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1981.

Landau, Jacob M., ed. Atat�rk and the Modernization of Turkey. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1984.

Levy, Aviador. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Darwin Press and Washington: Institute of Turkish Studies, 1992.

Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. (2d ed.) New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.

Lewis, Bernard. Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam: 7th-16th Centuries. London: Variorum, 1976.

Lewis, Geoffrey. Modern Turkey. New York: Praeger, 1974.

Lewis, Raphaela. Everyday Life in Ottoman Turkey. New York: Putnam, 1971.

Lindner, Rudi Paul. Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. (Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.) Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983.

Lloyd, Seton. Early Turkey: A Traveller's History of Anatolia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

Macfie, A.L. "The Straits Question in the First World War, 1914-18," Middle Eastern Studies [London], 19, No. 1, January 1983, 43-74.

Mackenzie, Kenneth. Turkey under the Generals. (Conflict Studies, No. 126.) London: Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1981.

Mango, Andrew. Turkey: The Challenge of a New Role. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994.

Marcus, Aliza. "Turkey's Kurds after the Gulf War: A Report from the Southeast." Pages 238-47 in Gerard Chaliand, ed., A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. London: Zed Books, 1993.

Mardin, Serif A. The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962.

Mellaart, James. "Anatolia and the Indo-Europeans," Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9, Spring-Summer 1981, 135-49.

Mellaart, James. Ancient Turkey. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978.

Nawawi, Mohammad A. "The Political-Economic Ideas and Achievements of the Kemalist Revolution: A Tentative Evaluation," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 2, No. 2, Winter 1981-82, 1-14.

Olson, Robert. The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.

Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State. (Rev. ed.) New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1969.

�zay, Mehmet. "Turkey in Crisis: Some Contradictions in the Kemalist Development Strategy," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 15, No. 1, February 1983, 47-66.

Ozbudun, Ergun. The Role of the Military in Recent Turkish Politics. (Occasional Papers in International Affairs, No. 14.) Cambridge: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1966.

Parla, Taha. The Social and Political Thought of Ziya G�kalp, 1876-1924. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1985.

Pitcher, Donald E. An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1972.

Quataert, Donald. Ottoman Manufacturing in the Age of the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Ramazanoglu, Huseyin. Turkey in the World Capitalist System: A Study of Industrialization, Power, and Class. Brookfield, Vermont: Gower, 1985.

Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.

Runciman, Steven. Byzantine Style and Civilization. Baltimore: Penguin, 1975.

Runciman, Steven. The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.

Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades. (3 vols.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951-54.

Rustow, Dankwart A. Turkey: America's Forgotten Ally. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1987.

Schick, Irvin Cemal, and Ertugrul Ahmed Tonak, eds. Turkey in Transition: New Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Shaw, Stanford J. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Empire. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. (2 vols.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Singer, Morris. "Atat�rk's Economic Legacy," Middle Eastern Studies [London], 19, No. 3, July 1983, 301-11.

Sousa, Nasim. The Capitulatory Regime of Turkey: Its History, Origin, and Nature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957.

Swanson, Glen W. "Enver Pasha: The Formative Years," Middle Eastern Studies [London], 16, No. 4, October 1980, 193-99.

Szyliowicz, Joseph S. "The Ottoman Empire." Pages 102-21 in C.A.O. van Nieuwenhuijze, ed., Commoners, Climbers, and Notables: A Sampler of Studies on Social Ranking in the Middle East. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1977.

Tachau, Frank. Turkey: The Politics of Authority, Democracy, and Development. New York: Praeger, 1984.

Tachau, Frank, and Metin Heper. "The State, Politics, and the Military in Turkey," Comparative Politics, 16, No. 1, October 1983, 17-33.

Tapper, Richard, ed. Islam in Modern Turkey: Religion, Politics, and Literature in a Secular State. London: Tauris, 1991.

Turan, Osman. "Anatolia in the Period of the Seljuks and the Beyliks." Pages 231-62 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Van Bruinessen, Martin. Agha, Shaikh, and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Zed Books, 1992.

Volkan, Vamik D., and Norman Itzkowitz. The Immortal Atat�rk: A Psychobiography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Webster, Donald Everett. The Turkey of Atat�rk: Social Process in the Turkish Reformation. Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1939.

Weiker, Walter F. The Modernization of Turkey: From Atat�rk to the Present Day. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1981.

Weiker, Walter F. The Turkish Revolution, 1960-61: Aspects of Military Politics. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1980.

Z�rcher, Erik J. Turkey: A Modern History. New York: Tauris, 1994.

Turkey

Turkey - Glossary

Alevi

(Alawi in Arabic), a heterodox Shia (q.v.) Islamic sect that has many followers in Turkey.

barrels per day

Production of crude oil and petroleum products is frequently measured in barrels per day, often abbreviated bpd or bd. A barrel is a volume measure of forty-two United States gallons. Conversion of barrels to tons depends on the density of the specific product. About 7.3 barrels of average crude oil weigh one ton. Heavy crude weighs about seven barrels per ton. Light products, such as gasoline and kerosene, average close to eight barrels per ton.

capitulations

Special agreements between the Ottoman Empire and various foreign governments giving those governments and their citizens and subjects specific exemptions from the laws of the empire.

Common Agricultural Policy

Agricultural support system of the EU (q.v.), under which farmers' incomes are maintained through a system of target prices for agricultural commodities.

etatism

Often considered as state socialism. In Turkish use, it involves state control of some industries and public services.

European Community (EC)

See European Union (EU).

European Currency Unit (ECU)

Instituted in 1979, the ECU is the unit of account of the EU (q.v.). The value of the ECU is determined by the value of a basket that includes the currencies of all EU member states. In establishing the value of the basket, each member's currency receives a share that reflects the relative strength and importance of the member's economy. In 1995 one ECU was equivalent to about one United States dollar.

European Union (EU)

Until November 1993, the EU was known as the European Community (EC). The EU comprises three communities: the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Each community is a legally distinct body, but since 1967 they have shared common governing institutions. The EU forms more than a framework for free trade and economic cooperation: the signatories to the treaties governing the communities have agreed in principle to integrate their economies and ultimately to form a political union. Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) were charter members of the EU; Britain, Denmark, and Ireland joined on January 1, 1973; Greece became a member on January 1, 1981; Portugal and Spain entered on January 1, 1986; and Austria, Finland, and Sweden became members on January 1, 1995.

fiscal year

Calendar year since 1983.

gecekondus

Literally, "built overnight"; term used for shantylike squatter housing erected on outskirts of large cities. Ottoman custom dictated that once a structure was built, it could not be destroyed.

gross domestic product (GDP)

A value measure of the flow of domestic goods and services produced by an economy over a period of time, such as a year. Only output values of goods for final consumption and intermediate production are assumed to be included in the final prices. GDP is sometimes aggregated and shown at market prices, meaning that indirect taxes and subsidies are included; when these indirect taxes and subsidies have been eliminated, the result is GDP at factor cost. The word gross indicates that deductions for depreciation of physical assets have not been made. See also gross national product.

gross national product (GNP)

The gross domestic product (q.v.) plus net income or loss stemming from transactions with foreign countries including income received from abroad by residents and subtracting payments remitted abroad to nonresidents. GNP is the broadest measurement of the output of goods and services by an economy. It can be calculated at market prices, which include indirect taxes and subsidies. Because indirect taxes and subsidies are only transfer payments, GNP is often calculated at factor cost by removing indirect taxes and subsidies.

imam

A word used in several senses. In general use and lower-cased, it means the leader of congregational prayers; as such it implies no ordination or special spiritual powers beyond sufficient education to carry out this function. Imam is also used figuratively by many Sunni (q.v.) Muslims to mean the leader of the Islamic community. Among Shia (q.v.) the word takes on many complex and controversial meanings; in general, however, it indicates that particular descendant of the House of Ali who is believed to have been God's designated repository of the spiritual authority inherent in that line. The identity of this individual and the means of ascertaining his identity have been major issues causing divisions among Shia.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Established along with the World Bank (q.v.) in 1945, the IMF is a specialized agency affiliated with the United Nations and is responsible for stabilizing international exchange rates and payments. The main business of the IMF is the provision of loans to its members (including industrialized and developing countries) when they experience balance of payments difficulties. These loans frequently carry conditions that require substantial internal economic adjustments by the recipients, most of which are developing countries.

lira

Turkish currency; 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus. Value of the lira has fluctuated considerably. In 1989 US$1.00 = TL2,122; in 1991 US$1.00 = TL4,172; in 1993 US$1.00 = TL10,983; in January 1994 US$1.00 = TL 15,196; as of August 31, 1995, US$1.00 = TL47,963.

millet

A non-Muslim group or community in the Ottoman Empire organized under its own religious head, who also exercised important civil functions.

National Security Council (NSC--Mili G�venlik Kurulu)

Under both the 1961 and the 1982 constitutions, the NSC comprised military and civilian personnel and was charged with reviewing national security policy. The generals who took control of Turkey's government in 1980 also constituted themselves as a National Security Council (Milli G�venlik Konseyi); this body was abolished following the reestablishment of civilian government after the 1983 election. The former members of the 1980-83 NSC, except for President Evren, subsequently formed the Presidential Council, whose function was to advise the president. The Presidential Council was dissolved in 1989.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

In 1995 membership composed of Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, and United States.

Shia (from Shiat Ali, the Party of Ali)

A member of the smaller of the two great divisions of Islam. The Shia originated in a dispute over who should be the legitimate successor to the Prophet; a majority of early Muslims accepted the tradition of community consensus to choose the leader, but a minority supported the claim of Ali, the Prophet's cousin, to inherit the mantle of leadership. Over time, theological differences emerged between the Shia and Sunni (q.v.). The Alevi (q.v.), Ismaili, Twelve Imam Shia, and Zayidi all are distinct Shia sects.

Sublime Porte (or Porte)

Ottoman Empire palace entrance that provided access to the chief minister, who represented the government and the sultan. Term came to mean the Ottoman government.

Sunni--(from Arabic sunna, tradition or precedent)

A follower of the larger of the two primary denominations of Islam.

tarikat (pl., tarikatlar)

A Sufi order or lodge, usually headed by a teacher or master known as a seyh, in which devotees undertake a path of instruction toward spiritual perfection.

Warsaw Treaty Organization

Formal name for Warsaw Pact. Political-military alliance founded by the Soviet Union in 1955 as a counterweight to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (q.v.). Albania, an original member, stopped participating in Warsaw Pact activities in 1962 and withdrew in 1968. Members in 1991 included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. Before it was formally dissolved in April 1991, the Warsaw Pact served as the Soviet Union's primary mechanism for keeping political and military control over Eastern Europe.

World Bank

Informal name used to designate a group of four affiliated international institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). The IBRD, established in 1945, has as its primary purpose the provision of loans to developing countries for productive projects. The IDA, a legally separate loan fund but administered by the staff of the IBRD, was set up in 1960 to furnish credits to the poorest developing countries on much easier terms than those of conventional IBRD loans. The IFC, founded in 1956, supplements the activities of the IBRD through loans and assistance designed specifically to encourage the growth of productive private enterprises in the less developed countries. The MIGA, founded in 1988, insures private foreign investment in developing countries against various noncommercial risks. The president and certain senior officers of the IBRD hold the same positions in the IFC. The four institutions are owned by the governments of the countries that subscribe their capital. To participate in the World Bank group, member states must first belong to the International Monetary Fund (IMF--q.v.).

Turkey