In East Pakistan the political impasse culminated in 1958 in a
violent scuffle in the provincial assembly between members of the
opposition and the police force, in which the deputy speaker was
fatally injured and two ministers badly wounded. Uncomfortable with
the workings of parliamentary democracy, unruliness in the East
Pakistani provincial assembly elections and the threat of Baluch
separatism in West Pakistan, on October 7, 1958, Mirza issued a
proclamation that abolished political parties, abrogated the twoyear -old constitution, and placed the country under martial law.
Mirza announced that martial law would be a temporary measure
lasting only until a new constitution was drafted. On October 27,
he swore in a twelve-member cabinet that included Ayub as prime
minister and three other generals in ministerial positions.
Included among the eight civilians was Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a
former university lecturer and future leader of Pakistan. On the
same day, the general exiled Mirza to London because "the armed
services and the people demanded a clean break with the past."
Until 1962, martial law continued and Ayub purged a number of
politicians and civil servants from the government and replaced
them with army officers. Ayub called his regime a "revolution to
clean up the mess of black marketing and corruption."
The new constitution promulgated by Ayub in March 1962 vested
all executive authority of the republic in the president. As chief
executive, the president could appoint ministers without approval
by the legislature. There was no provision for a prime minister.
There was a provision for a National Assembly and two provincial
assemblies, whose members were to be chosen by the "Basic
Democrats"--80,000 voters organized into a five-tier hierarchy,
with each tier electing officials to the next tier. Pakistan was
declared a republic (without being specifically an Islamic
republic) but, in deference to the religious scholars
(ulamas--see Glossary),
the president was required to be a Muslim, and no law
could be passed that was contrary to the tenets of Islam.
The 1962 constitution made few concessions to Bengalis. It was,
instead, a document that buttressed centralized government under
the guise of "basic democracies" programs, gave legal support to
martial law, and turned parliamentary bodies into forums for
debate. Throughout the Ayub years, East Pakistan and West Pakistan
grew farther apart. The death of the Awami League's Suhrawardy in
1963 gave the mercurial Sheikh Mujibur Rahman--commonly known as
Mujib--the leadership of East Pakistan's dominant party. Mujib, who
as early as 1956 had advocated the "liberation" of East Pakistan
and had been jailed in 1958 during the military coup, quickly and
successfully brought the issue of East Pakistan's movement for
autonomy to the forefront of the nation's politics.
During the years between 1960 and 1965, the annual rate of
growth of the gross domestic product per capita was 4.4 percent in
West Pakistan versus a poor 2.6 percent in East Pakistan.
Furthermore, Bengali politicians pushing for more autonomy
complained that much of Pakistan's export earnings were generated
in East Pakistan by the export of Bengali jute and tea. As late as
1960, approximately 70 percent of Pakistan's export earnings
originated in the East Wing, although this percentage declined as
international demand for jute dwindled. By the mid-1960s, the East
Wing was accounting for less than 60 percent of the nation's export
earnings, and by the time of Bangladesh's independence in 1971,
this percentage had dipped below 50 percent. This reality did not
dissuade Mujib from demanding in 1966 that separate foreign
exchange accounts be kept and that separate trade offices be opened
overseas. By the mid-1960s, West Pakistan was benefiting from
Ayub's "Decade of Progress," with its successful "green revolution"
in wheat, and from the expansion of markets for West Pakistani
textiles, while the East Pakistani standard of living remained at
an abysmally low level. Bengalis were also upset that West
Pakistan, because it was the seat of government, was the major
beneficiary of foreign aid.
|
Background | | Europeans began to set up trading posts in the area of Bangladesh in the 16th century; eventually the British came to dominate the region and it became part of British India. In 1947, West Pakistan and East Bengal (both primarily Muslim) separated from India (largely Hindu) and jointly became the new country of Pakistan. East Bengal became East Pakistan in 1955, but the awkward arrangement of a two-part country with its territorial units separated by 1,600 km left the Bengalis marginalized and dissatisfied. East Pakistan seceded from its union with West Pakistan in 1971 and was renamed Bangladesh. A military-backed, emergency caretaker regime suspended parliamentary elections planned for January 2007 in an effort to reform the political system and root out corruption. In contrast to the strikes and violent street rallies that had marked Bangladeshi politics in previous years, the parliamentary elections finally held in late December 2008 were mostly peaceful and Sheikh HASINA Wajed was reelected prime minister. About a third of this extremely poor country floods annually during the monsoon rainy season, hampering economic development.
|
|
Location | | Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India
|
|
Area(sq km) | | total: 143,998 sq km
land: 130,168 sq km
water: 13,830 sq km
|
|
Geographic coordinates | | 24 00 N, 90 00 E
|
|
Land boundaries(km) | | total: 4,246 km
border countries: Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km
|
|
Coastline(km) | | 580 km
|
|
Climate | | tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
|
|
Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m
|
|
Natural resources | | natural gas, arable land, timber, coal
|
|
Land use(%) | | arable land: 55.39%
permanent crops: 3.08%
other: 41.53% (2005)
|
|
Irrigated land(sq km) | | 47,250 sq km (2003)
|
|
Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 1,210.6 cu km (1999)
|
|
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 79.4 cu km/yr (3%/1%/96%)
per capita: 560 cu m/yr (2000)
|
|
Natural hazards | | droughts; cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season
|
|
Environment - current issues | | many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; waterborne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation
|
|
Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
|
Geography - note | | most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal
|
|
Population | | 156,050,883 (July 2009 est.)
|
|
Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 34.6% (male 27,065,625/female 26,913,961)
15-64 years: 61.4% (male 45,222,182/female 50,537,052)
65 years and over: 4% (male 3,057,255/female 3,254,808) (2009 est.)
|
|
Median age(years) | | total: 23.3 years
male: 22.9 years
female: 23.5 years (2009 est.)
|
|
Population growth rate(%) | | 1.292% (2009 est.)
|
|
Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 24.68 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
|
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 9.23 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
|
|
Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -2.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
|
Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 27% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 3.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
|
|
Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|
|
Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 59.02 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 66.12 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 51.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 60.25 years
male: 57.57 years
female: 63.03 years (2009 est.)
|
|
Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 2.74 children born/woman (2009 est.)
|
|
Nationality | | noun: Bangladeshi(s)
adjective: Bangladeshi
|
|
Ethnic groups(%) | | Bengali 98%, other 2% (includes tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims) (1998)
|
|
Religions(%) | | Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, other 1% (1998)
|
|
Languages(%) | | Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English
|
|
Country name | | conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh
conventional short form: Bangladesh
local long form: Gana Prajatantri Banladesh
local short form: Banladesh
former: East Bengal, East Pakistan
|
|
Government type | | parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital | | name: Dhaka
geographic coordinates: 23 43 N, 90 24 E
time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|
|
Administrative divisions | | 6 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet
|
|
Constitution | | 4 November 1972; effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982; restored 10 November 1986; amended many times
|
|
Legal system | | based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
|
|
Executive branch | | chief of state: President Zillur RAHMAN (since 12 February 2009)
head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA Wajed (since 6 January 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); last election held on 11 February 2009 (next scheduled election to be held in 2014)
election results: Zillur RAHMAN declared president-elect by the Election Commission on 11 February 2009 (sworn in on 12 February); he ran unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote - NA
|
|
Legislative branch | | unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300 seats elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies; members serve five-year terms
elections: last held 29 December 2008 (next to be held in 2013)
election results: percent of vote by party - AL 49%, BNP 33.2%, JP 7%, JIB 4.6%, other 6.2%; seats by party - AL 230, BNP 30, JP 27, JIB 2, other 11
|
|
Judicial branch | | Supreme Court (the chief justices and other judges are appointed by the president)
|
|
Political pressure groups and leaders | | Advocacy to End Gender-based Violence through the MoWCA (Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs)
other: environmentalists; Islamist groups; religious leaders; teachers; union leaders
|
|
International organization participation | | ADB, ARF, BIMSTEC, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Flag description | | green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side of center; the red disk represents the rising sun and the sacrifice to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush vegetation of Bangladesh
|
|
Economy - overview | | The economy has grown 5-6% per year since 1996 despite inefficient state-owned enterprises, delays in exploiting natural gas resources, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and inefficiently-governed nation. Although more than half of GDP is generated through the service sector, nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product. Garment exports and remittances from Bangladeshis working overseas, mainly in the Middle East and East Asia, fuel economic growth. In 2008 Bangladesh pursued a monetary policy aimed at maintaining high employment, but created higher inflation in the process.
|
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $226.4 billion (2008 est.)
$214 billion (2007 est.)
$201.5 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate) | | $84.2 billion (2008 est.)
|
|
GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 5.8% (2008 est.)
6.2% (2007 est.)
6.4% (2006 est.)
|
|
GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $1,500 (2008 est.)
$1,400 (2007 est.)
$1,300 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
|
GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 19.1%
industry: 28.6%
services: 52.3% (2008 est.)
|
|
Labor force | | 70.86 million
note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances estimated at $4.8 billion in 2005-06. (2008 est.)
|
|
Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 63%
industry: 11%
services: 26% (FY95/96)
|
|
Unemployment rate(%) | | 2.5% (2008 est.)
2.5% (2007 est.)
|
|
Population below poverty line(%) | | 45% (2004 est.)
|
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: 4.3%
highest 10%: 26.6% (2005)
|
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index | | 33.2 (2005)
33.6 (1996)
|
|
Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 24.3% of GDP (2008 est.)
|
|
Budget | | revenues: $8.825 billion
expenditures: $12.54 billion (2008 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 8.9% (2008 est.)
9.1% (2007 est.)
|
|
Stock of money | | $9.294 billion (31 December 2008)
$8.444 billion (31 December 2007)
|
|
Stock of quasi money | | $37.98 billion (31 December 2008)
$32.35 billion (31 December 2007)
|
|
Stock of domestic credit | | $47.03 billion (31 December 2008)
$40.1 billion (31 December 2007)
|
|
Market value of publicly traded shares | | $6.671 billion (31 December 2008)
$6.793 billion (31 December 2007)
$3.61 billion (31 December 2006)
|
|
Economic aid - recipient | | $1.321 billion (2005)
|
|
Public debt(% of GDP) | | 39.4% of GDP (2008 est.)
43% of GDP (2004 est.)
|
|
Agriculture - products | | rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry
|
|
Industries | | cotton textiles, jute, garments, tea processing, paper newsprint, cement, chemical fertilizer, light engineering, sugar
|
|
Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 6.9% (2008 est.)
|
|
Current account balance | | $1.032 billion (2008 est.)
$856.8 million (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports | | $15.44 billion (2008 est.)
$12.47 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports - commodities(%) | | garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood
|
|
Exports - partners(%) | | US 21%, Germany 13.2%, UK 8.6%, France 6.3%, Netherlands 4.7% (2008)
|
|
Imports | | $21.51 billion (2008 est.)
$16.67 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement
|
|
Imports - partners(%) | | China 14.7%, India 14.7%, Kuwait 7.5%, Singapore 7.1%, Japan 4.1% (2008)
|
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $5.789 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$5.278 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
|
Debt - external | | $22.83 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$21.23 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $5.971 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$5.261 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $97 million (31 December 2008 est.)
|
|
Exchange rates | | taka (BDT) per US dollar - 68.554 (2008 est.), 69.893 (2007), 69.031 (2006), 64.328 (2005), 59.513 (2004)
|
|
Currency (code) | | taka (BDT)
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use | | 1.39 million (2009)
|
|
Telephones - mobile cellular | | 45.75 million (2009)
|
|
Telephone system | | general assessment: inadequate for a modern country; fixed-line telephone density remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly and has reached 30 per 100 persons
domestic: modernizing; introducing digital systems; trunk systems include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some fiber-optic cable in cities
international: country code - 880; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 6; international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2008)
|
|
Internet country code | | .bd
|
|
Internet users | | 556,000 (2008)
|
|
Airports | | 17 (2009)
|
|
Pipelines(km) | | gas 2,597 km (2008)
|
|
Roadways(km) | | total: 239,226 km
paved: 22,726 km
unpaved: 216,500 km (2003)
|
|
Ports and terminals | | Chittagong, Mongla Port
|
|
Military branches | | Bangladesh Defense Force: Bangladesh Army (Sena Bahini), Bangladesh Navy (Noh Bahini, BN), Bangladesh Air Force (Biman Bahini, BAF) (2009)
|
|
Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 16 years of age for voluntary military service; 17 years of age for officers (both with parental consent); conscription legally possible in emergency, but has never been implemented (2008)
|
|
Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 41,199,340 (2008 est.)
|
|
Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 24,946,041
females age 16-49: 31,409,069 (2009 est.)
|
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 1,538,865
female: 1,666,670 (2009 est.)
|
|
Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 1.5% of GDP (2006)
|
|
Disputes - international | | discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, exchange territory for 51 small Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 small Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's fencing and walling off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint Bangladesh-India boundary commission resurveyed and reconstructed 92 missing pillars in 2007; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; after 21 years, Bangladesh resumes talks with Burma on delimiting a maritime boundary
|
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons | | refugees (country of origin): 26,268 (Burma)
IDPs: 65,000 (land conflicts, religious persecution) (2007)
|
|
Electricity - production(kWh) | | 22.99 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
|
Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 93.7%
hydro: 6.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
|
|
Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 21.38 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
|
Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
|
Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 6,426 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 95,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 2,612 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
|
Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 87,660 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
|
Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 28 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 17.9 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 17.9 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
|
|
Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 141.6 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 12,000 (2007 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths | | fewer than 500 (2007 est.)
|
|
Major infectious diseases | | degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
|
|
Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 47.9%
male: 54%
female: 41.4% (2001 Census)
|
|
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 8 years
male: 8 years
female: 8 years (2004)
|
|
Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 2.7% of GDP (2005)
|
![[JPEG]](/images/frd/cs/bangladesh/bd01_03a.jpg)
![[JPEG]](/images/frd/cs/bangladesh/bd01_03b.jpg)
