MONGABAY.COM
Mongabay.com seeks to raise interest in and appreciation of wild lands and wildlife, while examining the impact of emerging trends in climate, technology, economics, and finance on conservation and development (more)
WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
|
|
Bangladesh Index
Nakshi kantha-style embroidered quilt from Chapai, Nawabganj
Courtesy Joyce Rahim
In the 1981 census only 19.7 percent of the total population
was counted as literate. The literacy rate was 17 percent in rural
areas and 35 percent in urban areas. The urban-rural gap shrank
slightly between 1961 and 1981, primarily because of the influx of
rural Bangladeshis to urban areas. The adult literacy rate in 1988
remained about equal to the 1981 level, officially given as 29
percent but possibly lower. The education system also had had a
discriminatory effect on the education of women in a basically
patriarchal society. The female literacy rate in 1981 (13.2
percent) was about half the literacy rate among men (26 percent)
nationally. The gap was even greater in rural areas, where 11.2
percent women and 23 percent of men were literate. (In 1988 the
literacy rate was 18 percent for women and 39 percent for men.) The
national school attendance rate in 1982 was 58.9 percent for ages
5 to 9; 20.9 percent for ages 10 to 14; and 1.9 percent for ages 15
to 24. The estimated 1988 student-teacher ratio was fifty-four to
one in primary schools, twenty-seven to one in secondary schools,
and thirteen to one in universities. Approximately 10 million
students of all ages attended school in 1981.
The base of the school system was five years of primary
education. The government reported a total of nearly 44,000 primary
schools enrolling nearly 44 million students in 1986. Recognizing
the importance of increasing enrollments and improving quality, the
government made universal primary education a major objective of
its educational development plans, which focused on increasing
access to school, improving teacher training, and revising the
primary school curricula. As a result, the share of primary
education by the mid-1980s increased to about 50 percent of the
public education expenditure. Although enrollment in the entry
class rose over time, the ability of the primary education sector
to retain students in school and increase the literacy rate did not
match government goals. Throughout the system a high annual dropout
rate of 20 percent existed in 1988. Studies suggested that no more
than 10 to 15 percent of those attending primary schools retained
a permanent ability to read and write. The Third Five-Year Plan
(1985-90) envisaged reducing the rural-urban gap in education,
establishing facilities for the enrollment of 70 percent of
children of primary-school age, and placing emphasis on keeping
children in school longer.
Bangladesh had 8,790 secondary schools with 2.7 million
students in 1986. Secondary education was divided into two levels.
The five years of lower secondary (grades six through ten)
concluded with a secondary school certificate examination. Students
who passed this examination proceeded to two years of higher
secondary or intermediate training, which culminated in a higher
secondary school examination after grade twelve. Higher secondary
school was viewed as preparation for college rather than as the
conclusion of high school. Development efforts in the late 1980s
included programs to provide low-cost vocational education to the
rural populace. Efforts also focused on the establishment of
science teaching facilities in rural schools, as compulsory science
courses were introduced at the secondary level. The government also
had provided training for science teachers and supplies of
scientific equipment. In spite of many difficulties over the years,
the number of both secondary schools and students, particularly
females, increased steadily. For example, whereas there were 7,786
secondary schools for boys and 1,159 for girls in 1977, the number
of boys' schools had decreased to 7,511 while girls' schools had
increased to 1,282 by 1986. The number of students increased as
well. In 1977 there were 1.3 million boys and 450,000 girls in
secondary schools; by 1986 there were 1.9 million boys and 804,000
girls. Enrollment in technical and vocational schools increased in
a similar manner. Secondary education for the most part was private
but was heavily subsidized by the state budget. Nationalization of
private schools was a standing government policy.
Development of the education system depended largely on the
supply of trained teachers. In 1986 about 20 percent of the
estimated 190,000 primary-school teachers were adequately trained;
at the secondary-school level, only 30 percent of the teachers were
trained. Contributing to the shortage of trained teachers was the
low socioeconomic standing of educators. The social image of
teachers had been gradually eroded, making it difficult to recruit
young graduates to the profession. The high proportion of poorly
trained teachers led to lower standards of instruction. Despite
these problems, the number of secondary-school teachers increased
from 83,955 in 1977 to 99,016 in 1986, according to government
figures.
In 1986 there were forty-nine primary-school teacher training
institutes and ten secondary-school teacher training colleges. In
addition to regular degree, diploma, and certificate programs,
various crash programs and correspondence courses also were
available. The Bangladesh Institute of Distance Education also had
started an experimental program of teacher training under the
auspices of Rajshahi University.
At the postsecondary level in 1986, there were 7 universities,
758 general colleges, and 50 professional (medical, dental,
engineering, and law) colleges. More than 25 percent of the
colleges were government managed; the rest were private but
received substantial government grants. The private colleges were
gradually being nationalized. In the 1980s, emphasis was being
placed on the development of science teaching facilities in
nongovernment colleges. Twelve government colleges were selected to
offer graduate courses during the Third Five-Year Plan.
In addition to four general-curriculum universities--the
University of Dhaka, Rajshahi University, Chittagong University,
and Jahangir Nagar University--there were the University of
Engineering and Technology in Dhaka, the Agricultural University in
Mymensingh, and the Islamic University in Tongi (near Dhaka). The
total enrollment in the 7 universities in 1986 was estimated at
27,487, of which 80 percent were male. Universities were selfgoverning entities with 95 percent of their total expenditures paid
through government block grants. The University Grants Commission,
created in 1973, coordinated the funding and activities of the
universities. A large number of scholarships and stipends were
offered to students in education institutions at all levels.
The number of college students increased from 238,580 in 1980
to 603,915 in 1986, according to government statistics. During that
period, female enrollment increased from 29,000 to 115,000.
Qualitative improvement, enrollment stabilization, interuniversity
rationalization of departments, and controlled expansion were some
of the government objectives for college education in the mid- and
late 1980s.
Curricula in nongovernment institutions of higher education
focused mostly on the humanities and social sciences. Many
government colleges and universities, however, offered advanced
courses in natural, physical, and biological sciences.
Sophisticated courses in language and literature, philosophy and
philology, fine arts, and folk culture also were offered at the
universities. Advanced research degrees, including doctorates, were
offered in several disciplines of science, the arts, the
humanities, and the social sciences. Faculty members at the
government colleges and universities were usually well qualified,
but research facilities were limited.
To remove the heavy bias toward liberal arts education, greater
attention was being focused in the late 1980s on technical
education, which received the third highest allocation, after
primary and secondary education, in the Third Five-Year Plan. In
addition to four engineering colleges, Bangladesh had eighteen
polytechnic institutes, four law colleges, two agricultural
colleges, a graphic arts institute, an institute of glass and
ceramics, a textile college, a college of leather technology,
sixteen commercial institutes, and fifty-four vocational institutes
in 1986. The nation also had ten medical colleges and one dental
college, offering both graduate and postgraduate training. In
addition, there were twenty-one nursing institutes, a music
college, and a college of physical education.
Because secondary and higher education benefited the small
middle and upper classes and because the government defrayed a
portion of the costs of private higher institutions through grants,
the poor in effect subsidized the education of the affluent. This
situation was most evident at the university level, where about 15
percent of the education budget was devoted to less than 0.5
percent of the student population. The technical education sector,
which experienced some growth in the late 1980s, nevertheless
failed to provide the numbers and kinds of personnel required for
economic development. Most university training also failed to equip
its recipients with marketable professional skills.
Data as of September 1988
- Bangladesh-Government Budget Process
- Bangladesh-Rural Society
- Bangladesh-Inland Waterways and Ports TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
- Bangladesh-Biofuels
- Bangladesh-Telecommunications
- Bangladesh-Aid Dependence
- Bangladesh-Industrial Crops
- Bangladesh-Women in Politics
- Bangladesh-The Zia Regime and Its Aftermath, 1977-82
- Bangladesh-United States
- Bangladesh-Population Control
- Bangladesh-Constitution STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
- Bangladesh-Social Classes and Stratification
- Bangladesh-Health Care Facilities
- Bangladesh-Export Sectors FOREIGN TRADE
- Bangladesh-Awami League
- Bangladesh-THE MILITARY IN THE LATE 1980s
- Bangladesh-Foreign Governments and Private Donors
- Bangladesh-Defense Spending
- Bangladesh-ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- Bangladesh-Legislature
- Bangladesh-Reappraisal of British Policy
- Bangladesh-Violence and Crime PUBLIC ORDER AND INTERNAL SECURITY
- Bangladesh-Development Budget
- Bangladesh-Education Planning and Policy
- Bangladesh-Wheat
- Bangladesh-BANGLADESH
- Bangladesh-The "Revolution" of Ayub Khan, 1958-66
- Bangladesh-Islam
- Bangladesh-Economic Reconstruction after Independence
- Bangladesh-THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT AND THE RISE OF MUSLIM CONSCIOUSNESS, 1857-1947
- Bangladesh-Hinduism
- Bangladesh-Transition to Nationhood, 1947-58 PAKISTAN PERIOD, 1947-71
- Bangladesh-Bangladesh Rifles
- Bangladesh-Navy
- Bangladesh-Colonial Origins ARMED FORCES AND SOCIETY
- Bangladesh-Criminal Justice
- Bangladesh-PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
- Bangladesh-Tourism
- Bangladesh-Foreign Acquisitions and Ties
- Bangladesh-Chapter 5 - National Security
- Bangladesh-Foreword
- Bangladesh-United Nations
- Bangladesh-Society
- Bangladesh-Party Politics
- Bangladesh-Postindependence Period
- Bangladesh-The British Raj
- Bangladesh-Recruitment
- Bangladesh-Insurgency in the Chittagong Hills
- Bangladesh-Technological Advances
- Bangladesh-The Land GEOGRAPHY
- Bangladesh-Buddhism
- Bangladesh-Jute
- Bangladesh-Local Elites POLITICAL DYNAMICS
- Bangladesh-Historical Perspective ECONOMIC CONTEXT
- Bangladesh-National Security
- Bangladesh-Economic Policy and Planning MANAGING THE ECONOMY
- Bangladesh-Population Structure and Settlement Patterns POPULATION
- Bangladesh-FOREIGN POLICY
- Bangladesh-Achieving Stability, 1982-83 THE ERSHAD PERIOD
- Bangladesh-Geography
- Bangladesh-Restoration of Military Rule, 1975-77
- Bangladesh-Early Independence Period, 1971-72 BIRTH OF BANGLADESH
- Bangladesh-Islam in Bangladesh
- Bangladesh-Ansars
- Bangladesh-Coal
- Bangladesh-Other Industries
- Bangladesh-Islamic Parties
- Bangladesh-The British Legacy EDUCATION
- Bangladesh-Western Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
- Bangladesh-Early Settlements EUROPEAN COLONIZATION, 1757-1857
- Bangladesh-The Superpowers
- Bangladesh-Disease and Disease Control
- Bangladesh-Railroads
- Bangladesh-Executive
- Bangladesh-Chapter 3 - The Economy
- Bangladesh-Other Nations
- Bangladesh-Balance and Terms of Trade
- Bangladesh-River Systems
- Bangladesh-Early Developments in Islam
- Bangladesh-Two Nations Concept, 1930-47
- Bangladesh-Education System
- Bangladesh -Country Profile
- Bangladesh-Mission
- Bangladesh-Civil Aviation
- Bangladesh-Council of Ministers
- Bangladesh-Medical Education and Training
- Bangladesh-Police
- Bangladesh-China and Other Asian Nations
- Bangladesh-Transportation and Communications
- Bangladesh-EARLY HISTORY, 1000 B.C.-A.D - 1202
- Bangladesh-Fall of the Bangabandhu, 1972-75
- Bangladesh-Other Export Industries
- Bangladesh-Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
- Bangladesh-Role of English and Arabic in Education
- Bangladesh-A Great Divide in South Asian History THE UPRISING OF 1857
- Bangladesh-Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
- Bangladesh-Bangladesh National Party
- Bangladesh-The Division of Bengal, 1905-12
- Bangladesh-Transition to a New Social Order SOCIAL SYSTEM
- Bangladesh-Pakistan Era
- Bangladesh-Test Case for Development FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
- Bangladesh-Ready-made Garments
- Bangladesh
- Bangladesh-Civil Service
- Bangladesh-AUXILIARY FORCES
- Bangladesh-Alliances
- Bangladesh-Government and Politics
- Bangladesh-More Opposition Pressure
- Bangladesh-Table A - Chronology of Important Events
- Bangladesh-Other Food Crops
- Bangladesh
- Bangladesh-Road Transportation
- Bangladesh-Mineral Development
- Bangladesh-Air Force
- Bangladesh-Traditional Sectors INDUSTRY
- Bangladesh-Leftist Parties
- Bangladesh-Seafood
- Bangladesh-Urban Society
- Bangladesh-Ethnicity and Linguistic Diversity
- Bangladesh-Garments
- Bangladesh
- Bangladesh-Relaxation of Martial Law, 1986-87
- Bangladesh
- Bangladesh-The National Party
- Bangladesh-HEALTH
- Bangladesh-The Islamic World
- Bangladesh-Army THE THREE SERVICES
- Bangladesh-Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
- Bangladesh
- Bangladesh-The Banking System
- Bangladesh-Fisheries
- Bangladesh-The Liberation War
- Bangladesh
- Bangladesh-Local Administration
- Bangladesh-International Organizations
- Bangladesh-Economy
- Bangladesh-The War for Bangladeshi Independence, 1971
- Bangladesh
- Bangladesh-Money and Banking
- Bangladesh-Introduction
- Bangladesh-Family, Household, and Kinship
- Bangladesh-Electric Power
- Bangladesh-Security Environment
- Bangladesh-Christianity
- Bangladesh-Pakistan
- Bangladesh-Joint Ventures and Foreign Investment
- Bangladesh-Religious Education
- Bangladesh-Climate
- Bangladesh-Aid-to-Civil Roles
- Bangladesh-Religion and Society RELIGION
- Bangladesh
- Bangladesh-Food Crops
- Bangladesh-THE MEDIA
- Bangladesh-Bilateral Investment
- Bangladesh-Structure of Agricultural Production AGRICULTURE
- Bangladesh
- Bangladesh-Legal Basis ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMED FORCES
- Bangladesh-PREFACE
- Bangladesh-Judiciary
- Bangladesh-South and Southeast Asia
Background | | Europeans began to set up trading posts in the area of Bangladesh in the 16th century; eventually the British came to dominate the region and it became part of British India. In 1947, West Pakistan and East Bengal (both primarily Muslim) separated from India (largely Hindu) and jointly became the new country of Pakistan. East Bengal became East Pakistan in 1955, but the awkward arrangement of a two-part country with its territorial units separated by 1,600 km left the Bengalis marginalized and dissatisfied. East Pakistan seceded from its union with West Pakistan in 1971 and was renamed Bangladesh. A military-backed, emergency caretaker regime suspended parliamentary elections planned for January 2007 in an effort to reform the political system and root out corruption. In contrast to the strikes and violent street rallies that had marked Bangladeshi politics in previous years, the parliamentary elections finally held in late December 2008 were mostly peaceful and Sheikh HASINA Wajed was reelected prime minister. About a third of this extremely poor country floods annually during the monsoon rainy season, hampering economic development.
|
Location | | Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India
|
Area(sq km) | | total: 143,998 sq km land: 130,168 sq km water: 13,830 sq km
|
Geographic coordinates | | 24 00 N, 90 00 E
|
Land boundaries(km) | | total: 4,246 km border countries: Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km
|
Coastline(km) | | 580 km
|
Climate | | tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
|
Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m
|
Natural resources | | natural gas, arable land, timber, coal
|
Land use(%) | | arable land: 55.39% permanent crops: 3.08% other: 41.53% (2005)
|
Irrigated land(sq km) | | 47,250 sq km (2003)
|
Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 1,210.6 cu km (1999)
|
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 79.4 cu km/yr (3%/1%/96%) per capita: 560 cu m/yr (2000)
|
Natural hazards | | droughts; cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season
|
Environment - current issues | | many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; waterborne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation
|
Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
Geography - note | | most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal
|
Population | | 156,050,883 (July 2009 est.)
|
Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 34.6% (male 27,065,625/female 26,913,961) 15-64 years: 61.4% (male 45,222,182/female 50,537,052) 65 years and over: 4% (male 3,057,255/female 3,254,808) (2009 est.)
|
Median age(years) | | total: 23.3 years male: 22.9 years female: 23.5 years (2009 est.)
|
Population growth rate(%) | | 1.292% (2009 est.)
|
Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 24.68 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 9.23 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
|
Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -2.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 27% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 3.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
|
Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/female total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|
Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 59.02 deaths/1,000 live births male: 66.12 deaths/1,000 live births female: 51.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
|
Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 60.25 years male: 57.57 years female: 63.03 years (2009 est.)
|
Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 2.74 children born/woman (2009 est.)
|
Nationality | | noun: Bangladeshi(s) adjective: Bangladeshi
|
Ethnic groups(%) | | Bengali 98%, other 2% (includes tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims) (1998)
|
Religions(%) | | Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, other 1% (1998)
|
Languages(%) | | Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English
|
Country name | | conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh conventional short form: Bangladesh local long form: Gana Prajatantri Banladesh local short form: Banladesh former: East Bengal, East Pakistan
|
Government type | | parliamentary democracy
|
Capital | | name: Dhaka geographic coordinates: 23 43 N, 90 24 E time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|
Administrative divisions | | 6 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet
|
Constitution | | 4 November 1972; effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982; restored 10 November 1986; amended many times
|
Legal system | | based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
|
Executive branch | | chief of state: President Zillur RAHMAN (since 12 February 2009) head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA Wajed (since 6 January 2009) cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); last election held on 11 February 2009 (next scheduled election to be held in 2014) election results: Zillur RAHMAN declared president-elect by the Election Commission on 11 February 2009 (sworn in on 12 February); he ran unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote - NA
|
Legislative branch | | unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300 seats elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies; members serve five-year terms elections: last held 29 December 2008 (next to be held in 2013) election results: percent of vote by party - AL 49%, BNP 33.2%, JP 7%, JIB 4.6%, other 6.2%; seats by party - AL 230, BNP 30, JP 27, JIB 2, other 11
|
Judicial branch | | Supreme Court (the chief justices and other judges are appointed by the president)
|
Political pressure groups and leaders | | Advocacy to End Gender-based Violence through the MoWCA (Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs) other: environmentalists; Islamist groups; religious leaders; teachers; union leaders
|
International organization participation | | ADB, ARF, BIMSTEC, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
Flag description | | green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side of center; the red disk represents the rising sun and the sacrifice to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush vegetation of Bangladesh
|
Economy - overview | | The economy has grown 5-6% per year since 1996 despite inefficient state-owned enterprises, delays in exploiting natural gas resources, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and inefficiently-governed nation. Although more than half of GDP is generated through the service sector, nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product. Garment exports and remittances from Bangladeshis working overseas, mainly in the Middle East and East Asia, fuel economic growth. In 2008 Bangladesh pursued a monetary policy aimed at maintaining high employment, but created higher inflation in the process.
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $226.4 billion (2008 est.) $214 billion (2007 est.) $201.5 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP (official exchange rate) | | $84.2 billion (2008 est.)
|
GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 5.8% (2008 est.) 6.2% (2007 est.) 6.4% (2006 est.)
|
GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $1,500 (2008 est.) $1,400 (2007 est.) $1,300 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 19.1% industry: 28.6% services: 52.3% (2008 est.)
|
Labor force | | 70.86 million note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances estimated at $4.8 billion in 2005-06. (2008 est.)
|
Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 63% industry: 11% services: 26% (FY95/96)
|
Unemployment rate(%) | | 2.5% (2008 est.) 2.5% (2007 est.)
|
Population below poverty line(%) | | 45% (2004 est.)
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: 4.3% highest 10%: 26.6% (2005)
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index | | 33.2 (2005) 33.6 (1996)
|
Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 24.3% of GDP (2008 est.)
|
Budget | | revenues: $8.825 billion expenditures: $12.54 billion (2008 est.)
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 8.9% (2008 est.) 9.1% (2007 est.)
|
Stock of money | | $9.294 billion (31 December 2008) $8.444 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of quasi money | | $37.98 billion (31 December 2008) $32.35 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of domestic credit | | $47.03 billion (31 December 2008) $40.1 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Market value of publicly traded shares | | $6.671 billion (31 December 2008) $6.793 billion (31 December 2007) $3.61 billion (31 December 2006)
|
Economic aid - recipient | | $1.321 billion (2005)
|
Public debt(% of GDP) | | 39.4% of GDP (2008 est.) 43% of GDP (2004 est.)
|
Agriculture - products | | rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry
|
Industries | | cotton textiles, jute, garments, tea processing, paper newsprint, cement, chemical fertilizer, light engineering, sugar
|
Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 6.9% (2008 est.)
|
Current account balance | | $1.032 billion (2008 est.) $856.8 million (2007 est.)
|
Exports | | $15.44 billion (2008 est.) $12.47 billion (2007 est.)
|
Exports - commodities(%) | | garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood
|
Exports - partners(%) | | US 21%, Germany 13.2%, UK 8.6%, France 6.3%, Netherlands 4.7% (2008)
|
Imports | | $21.51 billion (2008 est.) $16.67 billion (2007 est.)
|
Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement
|
Imports - partners(%) | | China 14.7%, India 14.7%, Kuwait 7.5%, Singapore 7.1%, Japan 4.1% (2008)
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $5.789 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $5.278 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Debt - external | | $22.83 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $21.23 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $5.971 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $5.261 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $97 million (31 December 2008 est.)
|
Exchange rates | | taka (BDT) per US dollar - 68.554 (2008 est.), 69.893 (2007), 69.031 (2006), 64.328 (2005), 59.513 (2004)
|
Currency (code) | | taka (BDT)
|
Telephones - main lines in use | | 1.39 million (2009)
|
Telephones - mobile cellular | | 45.75 million (2009)
|
Telephone system | | general assessment: inadequate for a modern country; fixed-line telephone density remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly and has reached 30 per 100 persons domestic: modernizing; introducing digital systems; trunk systems include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some fiber-optic cable in cities international: country code - 880; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 6; international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2008)
|
Internet country code | | .bd
|
Internet users | | 556,000 (2008)
|
Airports | | 17 (2009)
|
Pipelines(km) | | gas 2,597 km (2008)
|
Roadways(km) | | total: 239,226 km paved: 22,726 km unpaved: 216,500 km (2003)
|
Ports and terminals | | Chittagong, Mongla Port
|
Military branches | | Bangladesh Defense Force: Bangladesh Army (Sena Bahini), Bangladesh Navy (Noh Bahini, BN), Bangladesh Air Force (Biman Bahini, BAF) (2009)
|
Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 16 years of age for voluntary military service; 17 years of age for officers (both with parental consent); conscription legally possible in emergency, but has never been implemented (2008)
|
Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 41,199,340 (2008 est.)
|
Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 24,946,041 females age 16-49: 31,409,069 (2009 est.)
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 1,538,865 female: 1,666,670 (2009 est.)
|
Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 1.5% of GDP (2006)
|
Disputes - international | | discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, exchange territory for 51 small Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 small Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's fencing and walling off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint Bangladesh-India boundary commission resurveyed and reconstructed 92 missing pillars in 2007; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; after 21 years, Bangladesh resumes talks with Burma on delimiting a maritime boundary
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons | | refugees (country of origin): 26,268 (Burma) IDPs: 65,000 (land conflicts, religious persecution) (2007)
|
Electricity - production(kWh) | | 22.99 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 93.7% hydro: 6.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
|
Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 21.38 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 6,426 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 95,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 2,612 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 87,660 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 28 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
|
Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 17.9 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 17.9 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
|
Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 141.6 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 12,000 (2007 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths | | fewer than 500 (2007 est.)
|
Major infectious diseases | | degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations water contact disease: leptospirosis animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
|
Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 47.9% male: 54% female: 41.4% (2001 Census)
|
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 8 years male: 8 years female: 8 years (2004)
|
Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 2.7% of GDP (2005)
|
|
|