Navajo
Navajo
American Indians: Cherokee, Apache, Navajo, Cheyenne, Pueblo ...
...culture, legends, and spirit of the American Indian will ... Read about native legends, heroes, leaders (like Geronimo ... the background of The People (Navajo history ...
Navajo Native Americans of the Great Basin Desert - DesertUSA
During World War II, the Navajo language was one of the Native American languages used to create cryptographic codes that were never broken. ...
Cryptology: Navajo Code Talkers in World War II
Johnston, reared on the Navajo reservation, was a World War I veteran who ... He also knew that Native American languages--notably Choctaw--had been used in World ...
Native Americans in the US Military
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tekayr's Home Page
THE NATIVE AMERICAN NATIONS OF THE BLACK MESA REGION. ... This document covers the ancient and modern history of the Anasazi, Hopi, Navajo, and neighboring peoples ...
Navajo, Hopi and other Native American links: CyberEnglish
Designed for high school English at Tuba City High School on the Navajo and Hopi reservation. Emphasis is on Native American history and culture. ...
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In early 1995, the flag of the Navajo nation became the first Native American tribal flag to fly into space when it was carried aboard the space shuttle ...
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Indian (intertribal) Native American (Peyote) church, to which more than 30,000 reservation Navajos belong. The hogan is for traditional Navajo ceremonies, for ...
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Native Americans
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Navajo, Pueblo, & Zuni. Some tribes spoke their own languages, had their own religious customs, and laws they followed. Most of the Southwest Native Americans ...
The Southwest culture makes up the states of Arizona, New Mexico ...
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WWWVL: American Indian - Native American Artist Resources on the ...
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Native American Tribes and Cultures
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Native American Jewelry Indian Jewelry
We are probably among the first to sell Native American Jewelry in the Internet! We started this business while we lived in the Navajo Reservation, AZ and ...
Native American Languages
Native American languages when Columbus landed: 300 Number spoken today: 175. ... 20 Where: Mostly in New Mexico und Arizona Examples: Navajo, Western Apache, Hopi ...
NACF's home page
...deal with applying Biblical principles in the context of our Native American culture ... Bevan (Navajo) 1999 Beverly Corriere(Creek) 1998 Aaron Thomas (Navajo) 1996 ...
Native American Authors: Navajo Tribe
Nation Home Page Author: Navajo Nation Type: tribal Description: Official site for the Navajo Nation, the largest Native American tribe in the Southwest. ...
ABQjournal Gateway New Mexico: Native American sites
Navajo Nation - Tourism Department; Navajo Preparatory School - College-prep school for the Navajo Nation and other Native American tribes. ...
Migrations
Migrationsâ„¢ deals in new and old Native American (American Indian) and Inuit (Eskimo) art and ... sets by Bessie Henry & Andrew Henry, Dine' (Navajo) artists A ...
Native American Journalists Association
The Native American Journalists Association wishes to recognize the efforts of Tom Arviso, Jr., his staff and the Navajo Nation Council on this ever-important ...
Native Americans - Navajo
Native Americans - American Indians, The First People of America. Navajo. Navajo Boy. Navajo Medicine Man. Navajo Code Talkers During World War II. ...
Native American Pottery, Navajo Rugs, Southwestern Art
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NA Webquest
Indian Chiefs) 3. Buffalo or horses D. Navajo Nation 1. Navajo Nation 2 ... II. Legends You will read several Native American legends from one of the three groups ...
Native Americans
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Alice Cling
...contemporary American craftpersons. Alice has taken numerous awards at Flagstaff and Santa Fe Indian fairs and powwows. Alice's work is unmistakably Navajo but ...
Canyon De Chelly, the unofficial Navajo Central Web site & FAQ's ...
Arizona. Advice given is valid here as well. One of the contributors is Navajo. American Indian, or Native American? An Opinion. ...
BabyNameCenter Native American Names
Native American Names Male Native American Names Female Native American Names Male. ABEDABUN ... independent.". ALTSOBA: Navajo name meaning "all war.". ...
Tribes and Nations
Navaho) TThe Navajo tribe is the largest in the United States, with some 200,000 people occupying the largest and area reserved for Native Americans - 17 ...
Navajo Resources
...to Navajo Culture-Go to this site to read brief descriptions about Navajo culture, language, ceremony, and Canyon de Chelle. Native American Terms-This site ...
Indian jewelry, concho belts, bolo ties and native american ...
The Navajo Shopping Center offers geniune sterling silver jewelry by Native American Indian Tribes, including Navajo, Zuni and Acoma. ...
Native American Jewelry
Native American Bracelets. Solid workmanship and a unique design goes into each Zuni or Navajo bracelet. Come see them all, one is for you! ...
Alice Yazzie Navajo Native American Artist specializing in pastel ...
...is also well known for having done the art work for the Navajo Nation Fair ... After high school, Alice attended the American Academy of Art in Chicago.Alice has ...
Gallup, New Mexico - Native American, Indian, Navajo, Hopi, Zuni ...
Upcoming Events, Related Web Sites, ...
Mythology of North American Indians
...of North American Indians related to objects in the sky, the Earth, and aspects of their world. Back to the World Map, Pawnee: Tirawa Navajo: Changing Bear ...
Navajo Nation (Navajo: Naabeehó Dine'é) is the name of a sovereign Native American nation established by the Diné. The Navajo Nation Reservation covers about 27,000 square miles (70,000 square kilometres) of land, occupying all of northeastern Arizona, and extending into Utah and New Mexico, and is the largest land area assigned primarily to a Native American jurisdiction within the United States. The 2000 census reported 253,000 Navajo members, of whom 131,166 lived in Arizona. 17,512 of these lived in Maricopa County, which includes the city of Phoenix.
Geography
The Nation's boundaries abut the Ute Nation at the Four Corners Monument landmark and stretch across the Colorado Plateau into Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. Located within the Navajo Nation are Canyon De Chelly National Monument, Monument Valley, Rainbow Bridge National Monument, the Hopi Indian Reservation, and the Shiprock landmark. The seat of government is located at the town of Window Rock, Arizona.
Members of the nation are often known as Navajo, also spelled Navaho. Navajo call themselves Diné, a term from the Navajo language that means people. The Navajo are closely related to the Apache, and the Navajo language along with other Apache languages make up the Southern Athabaskan language family.
Congress established a Hopi (Navajo, Oozéí, or Ayahkinii "underground-house-people") reservation within the Navajo Nation's reservation at an historic homeland where Hopi history predates that of Diné in the area.
A conflict over shared lands emerged in the 1980s when the Department of the Interior attempted to relocate Diné living in the Navajo/Hopi Joint Use Area. The conflict was resolved, or at least forestalled, by the award of a seventy-five-year lease to Diné who refused to leave the former shared lands. Another Diné and Hopi group lives on the Colorado River Indian Tribes reservation along the Colorado River in western Arizona.
Entry into the Southwest
The Navajo (Diné) and Apache tribal groups of the American Southwest speak dialects of the language family referred to as Athapaskan. Athapaskan peoples in North America fan out from west-central Canada where some Athapaskan-speaking groups still reside. Linguistic similarities indicate the Navajo and Apache were once a single ethnic group. Archaeological and historical evidence suggests a recent entry of these people into the American Southwest, with substantial numbers not present until the early 1500s. Navajo oral traditions retain mention of this migration.
Athapaskan speakers probably moved into the Southwest from the Great Plains where 16th-century Spanish accounts identified them as "dog nomads". These mobile groups hunted bison, lived in tents, and used dogs to pull travois loaded with their possessions. In April 1541, while traveling on the plains east of the Pueblo region, Francisco Coronado wrote:
"After seventeen days of travel, I came upon a rancheria of the Indians who follow these cattle (bison). These natives are called Querechos. They do not cultivate the land, but eat raw meat and drink the blood of the cattle they kill. They dress in the skins of the cattle, with which all the people in this land clothe themselves, and they have very well-constructed tents, made with tanned and greased cowhides, in which they live and which they take along as they follow the cattle. They have dogs which they load to carry their tents, poles, and belongings." (Hammond and Rey)
The Spaniards described Plains dogs as very white, with black spots, and "not much larger than water spaniels". Plains dogs were slightly smaller than those used for hauling loads by modern northern Canadian peoples. Recent experiments show these dogs may have pulled loads up to fifty pounds (twenty-three kilograms) on long trips, at rates as high as two or three miles an hour (three to five kilometres an hour) (see Henderson).
Although there is some evidence that Athapaskan peoples may have visited the Southwest as early as the 13th century, most scientists believe that they arrived permanently only a few decades before the Spanish. The Athabaskan nomadic way of life complicates accurate dating, primarily because they constructed less substantial dwellings than other Southwestern groups. They also left behind a more austure set of tools and material goods. Sites where early Athapaskans may have lived are difficult to locate, and even more difficult to identify firmly as culturally Athapaskan.
Trade between the long-established Pueblo peoples and the Athapaskans become important to both groups by the mid 16th century. The Pueblos exchanged maize and woven cotton goods for bison meat, hides and material for stone tools. Coronado observed Plains people wintering near the Pueblos in established camps. In 1540, Coronado reported the modern Western Apache area as uninhabited and other Spaniards first mention Apache living west of the Rio Grande in the 1580s. So, it is likely that the Apaches moved into their current southwestern homelands in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Athapaskans expanded their range through the 17th century, occupying areas the Pueblos peoples had abandoned during prior centuries. The Spanish first mention the "Apachu de Nabajo" (Navaho) in the 1620s, referring to people in the Chama region east of the San Juan River. By the 1640s, the term was applied to Athapaskan peoples from the Chama on the east to the San Juan on the west.
Economy
The Navajo Nation has built a modern economy on traditional endeavors such as sheep herding, fiber production, weaving, jewelry making, and art trading. Newer industries that employ members include coal and uranium mining, though the uranium market slowed near the end of the 20th century. The Navajo Nation's extensive mineral resources are among the most valuable held by Native American nations within the United States. The Navajo government employs hundreds in civil service and administrative jobs. Other Navajo members work at retail stores and other businesses within the Nation's reservation or in nearby towns.
Until 2004, the Navajo Nation had declined to join other indigenous nations within the United States who have opened casinos. That year, the nation signed a compact with the state of New Mexico to operate a casino at To'hajiilee, near Albuquerque. Navajo leaders also negotiated with Arizona state officials in talks that could lead to casinos near Flagstaff, Lake Powell, Winslow, Sanders (Nahata Dziil Chapter), and Cameron (Grand Canyon entrance).
Culture and education
The name "Navajo" is the name given to them by the Tewa Pueblo Indians, whose settlement preceded the Navajo, and may mean "thieves" or "takers from the fields." (The names by which many Native American tribes are commonly known are derived from epithets used by their enemies.) The Navajo, who came to the Southwest millennia after the Tewa, call themselves Diné, which means "the people." Most Native American groups call themselves by names that mean "the people." Nonetheless, many Navajo now acquiesce to being called "Navajo."
The Navajo Nation runs Diné College, a two-year community college which has its main campus in Tsaile, as well as seven other campuses on the reservation. Current enrollment is 1,830 students, of which 210 are degree-seeking transfer students for four-year institutions. The college includes the Center for Diné Studies, whose goal is to apply Navajo Sa'ah Naagháí Bik'eh Hózhóón principles to advance quality student learning through Nitsáhákees (thinking), Nahatá (planning), Iiná (living), and Sihasin (assurance) in study of the Diné language, history, and culture in preparation for further studies and employment in a multi-cultural and technological world.
Navajos are known for their sandpainting, performed as part of their religion and for healing ceremonies.
Illness
Several types of cancer are higher than the national average on the Four Corners Navajo Reservation. (Raloff, 2005) Especially high are the reproductive-organ cancers in teenage Navajo girls, averaging seventeen times higher than the average of girls in the United States.
It has been suspected that uranium mine sites, both active and abandoned, have released dust into the air and the water supply. Studies done on mice exposing them to a soluble form of uranium similar to what enters groundwater from the mines showed heavy increases in estrogen levels which could explain the increased cancer levels among Navajo girls. The amount of uranium given to the mice were half of the level permitted by the Environmental Protection Agency and one-tenth the level found in some wells on the reservation.
Government
The Diné have three times refused to establish a new government under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Members twice rejected constitutional initiatives offered by the federal government in Washington, first in 1935 and again in 1953. A reservation-based initiative in 1963 failed after members found the process to be too cumbersome and a potential threat to their self-determination. A constitution was drafted and adopted by the governing council but never ratified by the members. The earlier efforts were rejected primarily because members did not find enough freedom in the proposed forms of government to develop their livestock industries, in 1935, and their mineral resources, in 1953.
Local and federal law enforcement agencies that routinely work within the Navajo Nation include the Navajo Division of Public Safety, often called the Navajo Police, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, often called the BIA, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation
The United States still asserts plenary power to require the Navajo Nation to submit all proposed laws to the United States Secretary of the Interior for Secretarial Review, through the BIA. Most conflicts and controversies between the federal government and the Nation are settled by negotiation and by political agreements. Laws of the Navajo Nation are currently codified in the Navajo Tribal Code.
The Navajo governing council continues a historical practice of prohibiting alcohol sales within reservation boundaries. Navajo residents who drink alcohol often obtain supplies in nearby cities, such as Gallup and Grants, New Mexico. For some visitors of the area — often attracted by the Indian jewelry trade, by tourist attractions or by the Interstate Highway that passes through the area — heavy traffic to off-reservation liquor stores, and the public drunkenness that often follows have created impressions that drunkenness seems to describe Indian culture. Leaders and some member groups actively oppose the sale of alcohol, and have taken several measures to find and offer treatment for those members who are suffering from alcoholism.
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