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Ovambo, Nyaneka-Humbe, Herero, and Others[an error occurred while processing this directive]Country Studies Profile: Angola
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Preface
Country Profile
Country
Geography
Society
Economy
Transportation and Communications
Government and Politics
National Security
Introduction
Chapter. 1 - Historical Setting
Pre-Colonial Angola and the Arrival of the Portuguese
Kongo Kingdom
Ndongo Kingdom
The Defeat of Kongo and Ndongo
Matamba and Kasanje Kingdoms
Lunda and Chokwe Kingdoms
Ovimbundu and Kwanhama Kingdoms
The Dutch Interregnum, 1641-48
Angola in the Eighteenth Century
Slave Trading in the 1700s
Portuguese Settlers in Angola
The 1800's: Turmoil in Portugal, Reform and Expansion in Angola
The Early Nineteenth Century
Abolition of the Slave Trade
Expansion and the Berlin Conference
Settlement, Conquest, and Development
The Demographic Situation
Military Campaigns
Administration and Development
Angola under the Salazar Regime
Angola under the New State
Salazar's Racial Politics
Rise of African Nationalism
Roots of Discontent
African Associations
The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
The National Front for the Liberation of Angola
Organizational Weaknesses
Beginning of Revolution
Angolan Insurgency
Ascendancy of the MPLA
Emergence of UNITA
Liberation Movements in Cabinda
Portuguese Economic Interests and Resistance to Angolan Independence
The Portuguese Coup d'Etat and the End of the Colonial Era
Coalition, the Transitional Government, and Civil War
Foreign Intervention
Collapse of the Transitional Government
South African Intervention
Independence and the Rise of the MPLA Government
Transformation into a Marxist-Leninist Party and Internal Dissent
Shaba Invasion and the Nitista Plot
Strengthening Ties with the Soviet Union and Its Allies
Economic Problems and the Implementation of Socialist Policies
The UNITA Insurgency and the South African Threat
The Final Days of the Neto Regime
The Dos Santos Regime
Steps Toward a Stronger Party and Political Discord
The Namibia Issue and Security Threats in the 1980s
Second Party Congress
Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
Physical Setting
Terrain
Drainage
Climate
Population Structure and Dynamics
Ethnic Groups and Languages
The Definition of Ethnicity
Ethnolinguistic Categories
Ovimbundu
Mbundu
Bakongo
Lunda-Chokwe
Nganguela
Ovambo, Nyaneka-Humbe, Herero, and Others
Hunters, Gatherers, Herders, and Others
Mesti�os
Structure of Society
Social Structure in Rural Communities
Ovimbundu Social Structure
Mbundu Social Structure
Social Structure in Urban Areas
Effects of Socialist Policies
Policies Affecting Rural Society
Policies Affecting Urban Society
Role of Women and Children
Effects of the Insurgency
Religious Life
Christianity
Indigenous Religious Systems
Education
Conditions Before Independence
Conditions after Independence
Education in UNITA-Claimed Territory
Health and Welfare
Chapter 3 - The Economy
Background to Economic Development
Structure of the Economy
Role of the Government
Foreign Trade and Assistance
Foreign Trade
Foreign Assistance
Labor Force
Extractive Industries
Oil
Postindependence Exploration and Production
Marketing
Diamonds
Iron Ore
Other Minerals
Agriculture
Coffee
Food Crops and Livestock
Timber
Fishing
Industry
Electric Power
Food Processing
Light Industry
Heavy Industry
Construction Materials
Transportation and Communications
Roads
Railroads
Ports
Air Transport
Telecommunications
Balance of Payments, Finances, Foreign Debt
Balance of Trade and Payments
Finances
Foreign Debt
Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
Background
Structure of Government
The Constitution
Executive Branch
The President
Council of Ministers
Defense and Security Council
Legislative Branch
Judicial System
Local Administration
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola- Workers' Party
Background
Structure
Political Bureau
Central Committee
Party Congress
Regional Organization
Operations
Political Environment
Mass Organizations and Interest Groups
Mass Organizations
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Youth Movement
National Union of Angolan Workers
Organization of Angolan Women
Interest Groups
Peasant Farmers
Traditional Elites
Religious Communities
Political Opposition
Mass Media
Foreign Relations
Policy Making
Regional Politics
Regional Accord
Relations with Other African States
Communist Nations
United States and Western Europe
Chapter 5. National Security
National Security Environment
Evolution of the Armed Forces
Background
Independence Struggle, Civil War, and Intervention
The Development of FAPLA
Armed Forces
Constitutional and Political Context
Armed Forces Organization and Mission
Ground Forces
Air and Air Defense Force
Navy
Foreign Auxiliary Forces
Troop Strength, Recruitment, and Conscription
Conditions of Service, Ranks, and Military Justice
Foreign Influences
Communist Nations
Noncommunist Nations
Training
FAPLA's Combat Performance
War and the Role of the Armed Forces in Society
The Costs of Endemic Conflict
War and the Military in National Perspective
Civic Action and Veterans' Groups
Internal Security
Antigovernment Opposition
Erstwhile Opposition: FLEC and the FNLA
The Enduring Rival: UNITA
Military Organization and Capability
External Support
Angola as a Refuge
Internal Security Forces and Organization
Crime and Punishmet
Criminal Justice System
Prison System
Incidence and Trends in Crime
Human Rights
Appendices
Appendix A. Tables
Appendix B. 1988 Regional Accords
Bibliography
Glossary
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