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WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
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Uganda
Index
Uganda's human rights record deteriorated after Idi
Amin
seized power in 1971. By the end of the 1970s, it was one
of the
worst in the world. Several hundred thousand civilians
died at
the hands of local security forces. In 1986 Museveni
pledged to
improve Uganda's reputation for human rights. To achieve
this
goal, the NRM arrested and tried soldiers and civilians
for such
crimes, and the government worked to improve its
reputation for
respecting human rights.
In May 1986, NRM officials created a Commission of
Inquiry
into the Violation of Human Rights to investigate these
crimes
under all governments since independence until the day
before the
NRM seized power. The commission examined judicial and
other
records regarding arbitrary arrest and detention, torture,
and
executions. Its hearings began in December 1986, when an
investigation team and the commission's chief counsel,
Edward
Ssekandi, began selecting witnesses who would testify in
public
session. One of the most controversial witnesses, a former
NRA
political instructor, testified that political opponents
were
considered traitors.
A lack of resources hampered the commission's
performance.
Financial and transportation problems initially confined
its
activities to Kampala; later, these difficulties
temporarily
brought public hearings to an end. Although a February
1988 Ford
Foundation grant enabled the public hearings to resume,
the
commission's final report was unavailable in late 1990.
In 1987 the president also established the post of
inspector
general of government (IGG) to investigate individual
complaints
about human rights abuses committed since the NRM came to
power.
The inspector general answered only to the president and
had the
authority to seize documents, subpoena witnesses, and
question
civil servants as high ranking as cabinet ministers, with
presidential approval. Government officials had to
cooperate with
the IGG or face three-year prison terms or fines.
Budgetary
problems and staff shortages reduced the inspector
general's
effectiveness, and there were complaints during the
1988-90
period that his investigations were too slow and produced
no
results, despite lengthy testimony and evidence by
international
human rights groups and individual witnesses.
Several nongovernmental human rights organizations also
worked to improve conditions in Uganda. The UHRA, for
example,
has monitored developments in Uganda since the early 1980s
through its quarterly publications, The Activist.
Initially, UHRA's relations with the government were tense
after
the 1989 arrest of UHRA Secretary General Paulo Muwanga
for
comparing the NRM's human rights record to that of the
Amin
government. Muwanga was subsequently released, and a UHRA
report
in 1990 generally approved of Museveni's human rights
record.
The Uganda Law Society is one of the most vocal
advocates for
protection of human rights in Uganda. In 1990 a quarter of
the
country's 800 lawyers belonged to the Uganda Law Society.
Apart
from speaking out against human rights violations in
northern and
eastern Uganda, the Uganda Law Society has called for an
independent judiciary, an end to illegal arrests and
detentions,
legal reform, and constitutionalism. A lack of funds and
resources has hampered Uganda Law Society activities.
The Ugandan Association of Women Lawyers works to
inform
rural populations of their legal rights, promote family
stability
through legal advice and counseling, ensure equal
protection
under the law for women and children, and promote Ugandan
citizens' welfare by emphasizing laws that promote
economic
development. In March 1988, the association opened a legal
clinic
to help indigent Ugandans, especially women and children.
By
August 1990, the clinic had handled more than 1,000 cases
dealing
with property rights, inheritance, and a variety of family
and
business concerns.
To counter accusations of human rights abuse,
particularly in
northern and eastern Uganda, the government has punished
members
of the NRA convicted of assault or robbery against
civilians.
Several soldiers have been executed for murder or rape.
Military
officers even carried out some of these executions in the
area
where the crimes were committed, inviting local residents
to
witness the executions. Despite protests by several
international
organizations, these executions continued in 1990.
Uganda's
attorney general, George Kanyeihamba, justified the
practice,
insisting that strict discipline was necessary to maintain
order
in the military.
Despite these harsh measures, human rights violations
continued in parts of northern, eastern, and western
Uganda in
the late 1980s and early 1990s. In October 1987, for
example,
witnesses reported that soldiers killed 600 people in
Tororo
District during an NRA counterinsurgency operation. People
in the
southwest claimed that the security services killed a
number of
school children in antigovernment protests and that as
many as
200 villagers were shot for refusing to attend a political
rally.
Murders of people suspected of being rebel sympathizers
were also
reported.
In early 1989, Dr. H. Benjamin Obonyo, secretary
general of
the antigovernment Uganda People's Democratic Movement
(UPDM),
corroborated evidence of atrocities acquired by Amnesty
International and other human rights organizations. He
also
charged that the NRA had "burned or buried civilians
alive" in
regions of the north and east.
Throughout 1990, according to Amnesty International,
the NRA
killed a number of unarmed civilians in the districts of
Gulu,
Tororo, Kumi, and Soroti. Despite several government
inquiries,
Amnesty International claimed that no NRA personnel were
ever
charged with these human rights violations or brought to
trial.
Moreover, more than 1,300 people remained in detention
without
charge at the end of 1990. Government officials labeled
most of
these allegations "exaggerated," but it was clear that
they were
unable to eliminate abuses by the military forces and that
Uganda
would face mounting international protests engendered by
such
abuse.
* * *
Several comprehensive studies deal with the evolution
of
security issues in Uganda. The colonial era is covered in
H.
Moyse-Bartlett's The King's African Rifles and
Uganda, by H. Thomas and R. Scott. A.
Omara-Otunnu's
Politics and the Military in Uganda, 1890-1985 also
assesses the development of the security services. A.
Mazrui's
Soldiers and Kinsmen in Uganda provides insight
into the
military's role in society. Conflict Resolution in
Uganda,
edited by K. Rupesinghe, is a compilation of papers by
Ugandan
scholars presented at a 1987 conference in Kampala
concerning
Uganda's quest for peace and stability.
Uganda's tradition of an open and lively press was
being
revived in the late 1980s. New Vision,
Guide, and
numerous other local newspapers report and comment on
current
developments. Numerous government publications also
provide
valuable information on the history of the security
forces,
conditions of service, and the effects of political and
cultural
change on them. Uganda Journal is useful for
information
about the historical development of the security services.
For
more recent information on the Ugandan military, see
African
Defence Journal or the National Resistance Army's
journal,
The 6th of February. Preindependence information on
crime
and the criminal justice system is available in the
Annual
Reports of the Uganda Police Force and the Prison
Service.
(For further information and complete citations,
see
Bibliography.)
Data as of December 1990
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Background | | The colonial boundaries created by Britain to delimit Uganda grouped together a wide range of ethnic groups with different political systems and cultures. These differences prevented the establishment of a working political community after independence was achieved in 1962. The dictatorial regime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some 300,000 opponents; guerrilla war and human rights abuses under Milton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed at least another 100,000 lives. The rule of Yoweri MUSEVENI since 1986 has brought relative stability and economic growth to Uganda. During the 1990s, the government promulgated non-party presidential and legislative elections. In January 2009, Uganda assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2009-10 term.
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Location | | Eastern Africa, west of Kenya
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Area(sq km) | | total: 241,038 sq km
land: 197,100 sq km
water: 43,938 sq km
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Geographic coordinates | | 1 00 N, 32 00 E
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Land boundaries(km) | | total: 2,698 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 765 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km
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Coastline(km) | | 0 km (landlocked)
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Climate | | tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
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Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Lake Albert 621 m
highest point: Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m
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Natural resources | | copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land, gold
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Land use(%) | | arable land: 21.57%
permanent crops: 8.92%
other: 69.51% (2005)
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Irrigated land(sq km) | | 90 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 66 cu km (1970)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 0.3 cu km/yr (43%/17%/40%)
per capita: 10 cu m/yr (2002)
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Natural hazards | | NA
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Environment - current issues | | draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; widespread poaching
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Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
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Geography - note | | landlocked; fertile, well-watered country with many lakes and rivers
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Population | | 32,369,558
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2009 est.)
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Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 50% (male 8,152,830/female 8,034,366)
15-64 years: 47.9% (male 7,789,209/female 7,703,143)
65 years and over: 2.1% (male 286,693/female 403,317) (2009 est.)
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Median age(years) | | total: 15 years
male: 14.9 years
female: 15.1 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate(%) | | 2.692% (2009 est.)
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Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 47.84 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 12.09 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
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Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -8.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 13% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 4.4% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 64.82 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 68.46 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 61.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 52.72 years
male: 51.66 years
female: 53.81 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 6.77 children born/woman (2009 est.)
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Nationality | | noun: Ugandan(s)
adjective: Ugandan
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Ethnic groups(%) | | Baganda 16.9%, Banyakole 9.5%, Basoga 8.4%, Bakiga 6.9%, Iteso 6.4%, Langi 6.1%, Acholi 4.7%, Bagisu 4.6%, Lugbara 4.2%, Bunyoro 2.7%, other 29.6% (2002 census)
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Religions(%) | | Roman Catholic 41.9%, Protestant 42% (Anglican 35.9%, Pentecostal 4.6%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.5%), Muslim 12.1%, other 3.1%, none 0.9% (2002 census)
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Languages(%) | | English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
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Country name | | conventional long form: Republic of Uganda
conventional short form: Uganda
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Government type | | republic
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Capital | | name: Kampala
geographic coordinates: 0 19 N, 32 25 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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Administrative divisions | | 80 districts; Abim, Adjumani, Amolatar, Amuria, Amuru, Apac, Arua, Budaka, Bududa, Bugiri, Bukedea, Bukwa, Bulisa, Bundibugyo, Bushenyi, Busia, Butaleja, Dokolo, Gulu, Hoima, Ibanda, Iganga, Isingiro, Jinja, Kaabong, Kabale, Kabarole, Kaberamaido, Kalangala, Kaliro, Kampala, Kamuli, Kamwenge, Kanungu, Kapchorwa, Kasese, Katakwi, Kayunga, Kibale, Kiboga, Kiruhara, Kisoro, Kitgum, Koboko, Kotido, Kumi, Kyenjojo, Lira, Luwero, Lyantonde, Manafwa, Maracha, Masaka, Masindi, Mayuge, Mbale, Mbarara, Mityana, Moroto, Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nakapiripirit, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, Namutumba, Nebbi, Ntungamo, Oyam, Pader, Pallisa, Rakai, Rukungiri, Sembabule, Sironko, Soroti, Tororo, Wakiso, Yumbe
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Constitution | | 8 October 1995; amended in 2005
note: the amendments in 2005 removed presidential term limits and legalized a multiparty political system
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Legal system | | in 1995, the government restored the legal system to one based on English common law and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
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Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch | | chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power 26 January 1986); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power 26 January 1986); Prime Minister Apolo NSIBAMBI (since 5 April 1999); note - the prime minister assists the president in the supervision of the cabinet
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected legislators
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 23 February 2006 (next to be held in February 2011)
election results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 59.3%, Kizza BESIGYE 37.4%, other 3.3%
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Legislative branch | | unicameral National Assembly (332 seats; 215 members elected by popular vote, 104 nominated by legally established special interest groups [women 79, army 10, disabled 5, youth 5, labor 5], 13 ex officio members; serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 23 February 2006 (next to be held in February 2011)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NRM 205, FDC 37, UPC 9, DP 8, CP 1, JEEMA 1, independents 37, other 34
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Judicial branch | | Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the president and approved by the legislature); High Court (judges are appointed by the president)
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Political pressure groups and leaders | | Lord's Resistance Army or LRA [Joseph KONY]; Young Parliamentary Association [Henry BANYENZAKI]; Parliamentary Advocacy Forum or PAFO; National Association of Women Organizations in Uganda or NAWOU [Florence NEKYON]; The Ugandan Coalition for Political Accountability to Women or COPAW
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International organization participation | | AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Flag description | | six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side
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Economy - overview | | Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, sizable mineral deposits of copper, cobalt, gold, and other minerals, and recently discovered oil. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986, the government - with the support of foreign countries and international agencies - has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting production and export earnings. During 1990-2001, the economy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports, reduced inflation, gradually improved domestic security, and the return of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs. Growth continues to be solid, despite variability in the price of coffee, Uganda's principal export, and a consistent upturn in Uganda's export markets. In 2000, Uganda qualified for enhanced Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt relief worth $1.3 billion and Paris Club debt relief worth $145 million. These amounts combined with the original HIPC debt relief added up to about $2 billion.
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GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $40.08 billion (2008 est.)
$37 billion (2007 est.)
$34.21 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate) | | $14.57 billion (2008 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 8.3% (2008 est.)
8.2% (2007 est.)
7.1% (2006 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $1,300 (2008 est.)
$1,200 (2007 est.)
$1,200 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 21.5%
industry: 24.6%
services: 53.9% (2008 est.)
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Labor force | | 14.54 million (2008 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 82%
industry: 5%
services: 13% (1999 est.)
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Unemployment rate(%) | | NA%
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Population below poverty line(%) | | 35% (2001 est.)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 34.1% (2005)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index | | 45.7 (2002)
37.4 (1996)
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Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 23.2% of GDP (2008 est.)
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Budget | | revenues: $2.621 billion
expenditures: $2.939 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 12.1% (2008 est.)
6.1% (2007 est.)
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Stock of money | | $1.488 billion (31 December 2008)
$1.347 billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of quasi money | | $1.485 billion (31 December 2008)
$1.258 billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of domestic credit | | $1.464 billion (31 December 2008)
$640.3 million (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares | | $NA (31 December 2008)
$NA (31 December 2007)
$116.3 million (31 December 2006)
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Economic aid - recipient | | $1.198 billion (2005)
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Public debt(% of GDP) | | 18.8% of GDP (2008 est.)
73.9% of GDP (2004 est.)
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Agriculture - products | | coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), potatoes, corn, millet, pulses, cut flowers; beef, goat meat, milk, poultry
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Industries | | sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles; cement, steel production
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Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 7% (2008 est.)
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Current account balance | | -$1.088 billion (2008 est.)
-$744.7 million (2007 est.)
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Exports | | $2.688 billion (2008 est.)
$1.686 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports - commodities(%) | | coffee, fish and fish products, tea, cotton, flowers, horticultural products; gold
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Exports - partners(%) | | Sudan 14.3%, Kenya 9.5%, Switzerland 9%, Rwanda 7.9%, UAE 7.4%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 7.3%, UK 6.9%, Netherlands 4.7%, Germany 4.4% (2008)
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Imports | | $3.98 billion (2008 est.)
$2.983 billion (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities(%) | | capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies; cereals
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Imports - partners(%) | | UAE 11.4%, Kenya 11.3%, India 10.4%, China 8.1%, South Africa 6.7%, Japan 5.9% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $2.301 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.56 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Debt - external | | $1.835 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.498 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $NA
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $NA
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Exchange rates | | Ugandan shillings (UGX) per US dollar - 1,658.1 (2008 est.), 1,685.8 (2007), 1,834.9 (2006), 1,780.7 (2005), 1,810.3 (2004)
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Currency (code) | | Ugandan shilling (UGX)
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Telephones - main lines in use | | 168,500 (2008)
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Telephones - mobile cellular | | 8.555 million (2008)
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Telephone system | | general assessment: seriously inadequate; mobile cellular service is increasing rapidly, but the number of main lines is still deficient; e-mail and Internet services are available
domestic: intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, and radiotelephone communication stations, fixed and mobile-cellular systems for short-range traffic
international: country code - 256; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat; analog links to Kenya and Tanzania
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Internet country code | | .ug
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Internet users | | 2.5 million (2008)
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Airports | | 35 (2009)
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Roadways(km) | | total: 70,746 km
paved: 16,272 km
unpaved: 54,474 km (2003)
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Ports and terminals | | Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell
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Military branches | | Uganda Peoples Defense Force (UPDF): Army (includes Marine Unit), Air Force (2007)
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Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 18-26 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military duty; 18-30 years of age for professionals; 9-year service obligation; the government has stated that recruitment below 18 years of age could occur with proper consent and that "no person under the apparent age of 13 years shall be enrolled in the armed forces"; Ugandan citizenship and secondary education required (2009)
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Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 6,532,894
females age 16-49: 6,352,416 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 3,996,597
females age 16-49: 3,899,717 (2009 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 399,134
female: 395,505 (2009 est.)
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Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 2.2% of GDP (2006)
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Disputes - international | | Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic groups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government forces that extend across its borders; Uganda hosts 209,860 Sudanese, 27,560 Congolese, and 19,710 Rwandan refugees, while Ugandan refugees as well as members of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) seek shelter in southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo's Garamba National Park; LRA forces have also attacked Kenyan villages across the border
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Refugees and internally displaced persons | | refugees (country of origin): 215,700 (Sudan); 28,880 (Democratic Republic of Congo); 24,900 (Rwanda)
IDPs: 1.27 million (350,000 IDPs returned in 2006 following ongoing peace talks between the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and the Government of Uganda) (2007)
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Electricity - production(kWh) | | 2.256 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 0.9%
hydro: 99.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 2.068 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 30 million kWh (2007)
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Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Oil - production(bbl/day) | | bbl/day NA
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Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 13,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 0 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 13,090 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 5.4% (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 940,000 (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths | | 77,000 (2007 est.)
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Major infectious diseases | | degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, plague, and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
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Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 66.8%
male: 76.8%
female: 57.7% (2002 census)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 10 years
male: 11 years
female: 10 years (2004)
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Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 5.2% of GDP (2004)
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