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WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
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Saudi Arabia
Index
In the past, the bulk of agricultural production was
concentrated in a few limited areas. The produce was largely
retained by these communities although some surplus was sold to
the cities. Nomads played a crucial role in this regard, shipping
foods and other goods between the widely dispersed agricultural
areas. Livestock rearing was shared between the sedentary
communities and nomads, who also used it to supplement their
precarious livelihoods.
Lack of water has always been the major constraint on
agriculture and the determining factor on where cultivation
occurred. The kingdom has no lakes or rivers. Rainfall is slight
and irregular over most of the country. Only in the southwest, in
the mountains of Asir, close to the Yemen border and accounting
for 3 percent of the land area, was rainfall sufficient to
support regular crops. This region plus the southern Tihamah
coastal plains sustained subsistence farming. Cropping in the
rest of the country was scattered and dependent on irrigation.
Along the western coast and in the western highlands, groundwater
from wells and springs provided adequate water for selfsupporting farms and, to some extent, for commercial production.
Moving east, in the central and northern parts of the interior,
Najd and An Nafud, some groundwater allowed limited farming. The
Eastern Province supported the most extensive plantation economy.
The major oasis centered around Al Qatif, which enjoyed high
water tables, natural springs, and relatively good soils.
Historically, the limited arable land and the near absence of
grassland forced those raising livestock into a nomadic pattern
to take advantage of what forage was available. Only in summer,
the year's driest time, did the nomad keep his animals around an
oasis or well for water and forage. The beduin developed special
skills knowing where rain had fallen and forage was available to
feed their animals and where they could find water en route to
various forage areas.
Traditionally, beduin were not self-sufficient but needed
some food and materials from agricultural settlements. The near
constant movement required to feed their animals limited other
activities, such as weaving. The settled farmers and traders
needed the nomads to tend this camels. Nomads would graze and
breed animals belonging to sedentary farmers in return for
portions of the farmers' produce. Beduin groups contracted to
provide protection to the agricultural and market areas they
frequented in return for such provisions as dates, cloth, and
equipment. Beduin further supplemented their income by taxing
caravans for passage and protection through their territory.
Beduin themselves needed protection. Operating in small
independent groups of a few households, they were vulnerable to
raids by other nomads and therefore formed larger groups, such as
tribes. The tribe was responsible for avenging attacks on any of
its members. Tribes established territories that they defended
vigorously. Within the tribal area, wells and springs were found
and developed. Generally, the developers of a water source, such
as a well, retained rights to it unless they abandoned it. This
system created problems for nomads because many years might
elapse between visits to a well they had dug. If people from
another tribe just used the well, the first tribe could
frequently establish that the well was in territory where they
had primary rights; but if another tribe improved the well,
primary rights became difficult to establish. By the early
twentieth century, control over land, water rights, and
intertribal and intratribal relationships were highly developed
and complex
(see Beduin Economy in Tradition and Change
, ch. 2).
Data as of December 1992
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