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WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
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Saudi Arabia
Index
Saudi Arabia, a large country with a small population, has
felt the strains of modernization, particularly since the mid1960s . The military, because of the increasing complexity of its
arms and equipment, has faced an ever-expanding requirement for
technical skills within its ranks. As in many other countries--
developing or developed--competition for technicians has been
very high among all sectors of the rapidly modernizing economy,
and, for the military, retaining trained specialists has been
difficult.
Since the establishment of the kingdom, the Saudis have
relied on volunteers to fill the ranks of the services. On
several occasions, Saudi officials have indicated that a system
of conscription would be introduced. A military draft has,
however, never been instituted, presumably because it would be
bitterly unpopular, difficult to enforce, and liable to introduce
unreliable elements into the military. The intended radical
increases in the size of the army and the national guard would
seem to necessitate some form of compulsory service.
Nevertheless, in June 1991, the minister of defense and aviation
declared that no conscription was needed because the rush of
volunteers sometimes exceeded the capacity of training centers to
absorb them.
The government conducted regular advertising campaigns to
inform young Saudi males of the benefits available to them in the
armed forces. Recruiting stations existed throughout the country;
the government tried to strike a geographic balance by attracting
a representative cross section of the population to the enlisted
ranks. The officer corps was still predominantly composed of
members of the Najd aristocracy. The national guard continued to
rely on an old system of tribal levies to fill its ranks,
yielding a composition much less representative of the nation as
a whole. Guardsmen were recruited mainly from a few of the
important camel-rearing tribes of Najd, reputedly the most
trustworthy in the kingdom.
The kingdom's population of 16.9 million according to the
1992 census, of whom 12.3 million were Saudi nationals, would be
sufficient to maintain the desired strength levels of the regular
armed services, assuming the needed education and skill levels
were available. (Population statistics for Saudi Arabia, however,
were regarded by some Western sources as unreliable.) According
to the United States Government, an estimated 159,000 males
reached the military age of eighteen each year. The United States
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) reported that Saudi
Arabia had 5.4 persons in the armed forces per 1,000 of
population. This was far lower than the average for the Middle
East as a whole (18.3 per 1,000 of population).
The conservative Muslim attitude that strongly discouraged
Saudi women from seeking jobs outside the home has eased only
slightly. Some women worked in human services and medical
occupations, but generally social and religious barriers
precluded women from working in positions that would place them
in public contact with men. Thus, the military services remained
closed to female applicants.
The military enlistment period was three years; cash and
other rewards were offered as inducements to reenlist. Pay scales
were set at levels higher than that for other government service,
and the military have been spared salary cuts that applied to
civil servants. Allowances and fringe benefits were generous. The
government spent huge sums of money to improve the amenities and
comfort for personnel in order to increase the attractiveness of
military careers. The military cities included excellent family
housing for married officers and NCOs, as well as modern barracks
for unmarried personnel. The military cities also offered
excellent schools and hospitals as well as convenient shopping
centers and recreational facilities.
To attract applicants to the military profession, the
Ministry of Defense and Aviation founded its own technical high
schools and colleges, which offered subsidized education and
granted degrees. Anyone seeking a commission by attending a
military academy had to be eighteen years old and a citizen by
birth or a naturalized citizen for at least five years. The
candidate also had to be of good reputation, having neither been
subjected to a sharia penalty nor imprisoned for a felony within
five years of the date of his application. Officers were not free
to resign. However, they enjoyed extensive benefits, including
hardship pay for service in remote areas such as Ash Sharawrah in
the southwestern desert. They were entitled to buy land and
housing for themselves or as an income-producing investment with
generously subsidized loans. Although officers were promoted on a
regular basis, they were often frustrated by the lack of
opportunity to assume increasing responsibility, owing to the
small size of the services.
Because of the advanced technology inherent in the military
modernization programs, large numbers of expatriate military and
civilian personnel have been required to service and maintain
weapons systems and to train Saudi personnel in their use.
Although precise data were not available, it was estimated that
in the late 1980s, about 5,000 United States civilian and 500
military technicians and trainers and perhaps 5,000 British,
French, and other Europeans provided this support. In addition, a
considerable number of officers from Muslim countries--including
Pakistanis, Jordanians, Syrians, Palestinians, and Egyptians--
were contracted on an individual basis, mostly in training and
logistics assignments. As many as 11,000 to 15,000 Pakistani
troops and advisers had been recruited to bring the two armored
brigades to full strength, as well as to serve in engineering
units and the air force. The 10,000 troops in the armored service
left the country beginning in late 1987, reportedly because
Pakistan was unwilling to screen the Shia element from the force
at a time when conflict with Iran seemed a possibility.
Data as of December 1992
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