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WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
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Saudi Arabia
Index
Giant oil spill resulting from the Persian Gulf War,
1991
Courtesy Aramco World
At the conclusion of its bloody eight-year war with Iran,
Iraq was able to maintain a huge, battle-tested army and vast
stockpiles of modern weapons. To intimidate Kuwait over the issue
of access to the gulf and Kuwait's unwillingness to limit its oil
production, President Saddam Husayn massed Iraqi troops on
Kuwait's border. On August 2, 1990, to the surprise of the world,
Iraq invaded and occupied Kuwait, and Husayn announced Kuwait's
annexation as Iraq's nineteenth province. Iraqi combat forces
continued to move southward to the Saudi border, and enormous
amounts of supplies were transported to the frontline troops.
Intelligence sources indicated that Husayn planned to seize the
nearby Saudi oil fields and processing installations. The Saudi
Arabian National Guard was mobilized and deployed along the
border, with army units to follow. Convinced that an Iraqi attack
on Saudi territory was imminent and recognizing that available
Saudi forces were no match for the divisions Husayn had moved
into Kuwait, King Fahd authorized the deployment of United States
forces to defend his northern border against Iraqi aggression.
In the ensuing months, an allied force of more than 600,000
ground, sea, and air force personnel was assembled to defend
Saudi Arabia and to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait. Command of
the allied forces was divided, with the head of the United States
Central Command, General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, in charge of
United States, British, and French units and his Saudi
counterpart, Lieutenant General Khalid ibn Sultan Al Saud, son of
the minister of defense and aviation and nephew of the king, in
charge of units from twenty-four non-Western countries, including
troops from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Kuwait, and other states
of the Persian Gulf. Saudi ground forces deployed for the allied
undertaking (called Operation Desert Shield and renamed Operation
Desert Storm when the war began in January 1991), consisted of
one armored brigade, three mechanized brigades, and two national
guard mechanized brigades.
Saudi military resources were strained by the need to manage
the allied military buildup and to ensure that the nations
contributing forces to the coalition were supplied with fuel,
housing, power, and food. The Saudi air force flew 3,000 sorties,
losing only one Tornado and two F-5E fighter aircraft to Iraqi
fire. In one of the few engagements by any of the allied powers
with the Iraqi air force, two Iraqi Mirage F-1 aircraft trying to
attack allied shipping were shot down by a Saudi pilot. Saudi
fighter units were frustrated by the absence of Iraqi air
targets; Iraqi aircraft either were destroyed on the ground or
shifted away from the fighting.
In their only ground attack on Saudi territory, the Iraqis
captured the evacuated border town of Ras al Khafji on January
30, 1991. After two days of heavy fighting, three Saudi
mechanized battalions, one tank battalion, and two national guard
battalions, joined by a battalion from Qatar and supported by
United States Marines and attack helicopters, succeeded in
driving the Iraqis out of the town on February 2. Eleven Iraqi
tanks and fifty-one other armored vehicles were destroyed. The
Saudis reported casualties of eighteen dead, thirty-two wounded,
and eleven missing in what was described as the greatest land
battle in which the country's forces had ever been engaged. Some
allied observers said that the national guard units acted more
decisively and were more aggressive in using firepower against
entrenched Iraqi troops than the regular Saudi forces.
When the massive ground assault against the Iraqi positions
began on February 24, 1991, the Saudi troops formed part of two
Arab armies. The first, Joint Forces Command North, which also
included Egyptian, Syrian, and Kuwaiti troops, was deployed on
Kuwait's western border. Joint Forces Command East was deployed
along the gulf, immediately south of Kuwait, and consisted of
about five brigades from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, the
United Arab Emirates, Morocco, and Senegal. The Saudi national
guard formed part of a mobile reserve.
The main attack was led by United States, British, and French
forces in the west, directly facing Iraqi territory, and was
aimed at cutting links between the Iraqi forces in Kuwait and
their sources of supply in Iraq. The ground assault on Kuwait by
the Arab forces of Joint Forces Command North was led by two
Egyptian divisions on the left and on the right, and the ad hoc
Khalid Division, consisting of Saudi and Kuwaiti troops,
including the Saudi Twentieth Mechanized Brigade and the Fourth
Armored Brigade. As the Khalid Division advanced eastward toward
Kuwait City, passages through Iraqi minefields were cleared by
allied bombing and engineer operations. On the third day, after
light fighting and the surrender of thousands of Iraqi soldiers,
Kuwait City was liberated. In the four days of fighting before
the Iraqi army defending Kuwait was destroyed, Saudi casualties
were minimal. The Saudi navy was also involved, receiving credit
for sinking an Iraqi minelayer with a Harpoon antiship missile.
Data as of December 1992
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