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WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
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Saudi Arabia
Index
Structure and Organization
After two decades of organizational change, the reshaping of
the oil industry in Saudi Arabia reared completion by the late
1980s. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the industry was
transformed from one controlled by foreign oil companies (the
Aramco parent companies) to one owned and operated by the
government. Decisions made directly by the ruling family
increasingly became a feature of the industry in the late 1970s.
Saudi Arabia's participation in the Arab oil embargo in 1973 and
foreign policy goals were featives of this transition. In 1992
the government had title to all mineral resources in the country
(except in the former Divided Zone, where both Kuwait and Saudi
Arabia had interests in the national resources of the whole
zone). Through the Supreme Oil Council, headed by the king, and
the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources the government
initiated, funded, and implemented all investment decisions. It
also controlled daily operations related to production and
pricing.
On a functional level, the industry also underwent
significant transformation. By the late 1980s, the major
companies established by or taken over from foreign owners by the
government were required to produce a particular product. For the
most part, only one company controlled a certain industrial
subsector, although there was some overlap. In the upstream part
of the oil industry, all exploration, development, and production
decisions within Saudi Arabia were controlled by Saudi Aramco. It
managed the oil fields, pipelines, crude oil export facilities,
and the master gas system throughout the country. Through its
subsidiary Vela Marine International, Saudi Aramco controlled
Saudi Arabia's tanker fleet. Because downstream investments
overseas were an integral part of Saudi Arabia's crude oil
marketing strategy, these have come under the control of Saudi
Aramco. These downstream investments were joint-venture
operations with foreign oil refiners. Saudi Aramco also operated
the kingdom's largest oil refinery. In 1992 the refinery's output
largely conformed to Samarec's specifications. Saudi Aramco was
managed by a board of directors headed by the minister of
petroleum and mineral resources and a senior management staff
headed by a president, with the Supreme Oil Council having
oversight. Most operational decisions were made by the
professional staff except oil output decisions, instructions for
which came from the king through the minister.
The downstream subsector of the oil industry was dominated by
Samarec. Operated as a wholly government-owned refining and
marketing company, Samarec took over Petromin's operation in
1988. Petromin still existed on paper, legally holding title with
three foreign oil companies to the export refinery joint ventures
at Al Jubayl on the gulf, and Yanbu, and Rabigh on the Red Sea.
In addition to managing these refineries, Samarec operated three
wholly owned domestic refineries at Riyadh, Jiddah, and Yanbu.
Samarec controlled the distribution of refined products within
Saudi Arabia and managed the bulk plants, loading terminals,
tanker fleet, and product pipelines. All export sales of refined
products were also managed by the downstream company. During the
Persian Gulf War, to augment domestic supplies of jet fuel and
other products, Samarec bid for products in the Singapore market.
The Petromin board of directors, headed by the minister of
petroleum and mineral resources, set Samarec policy but
operations were managed by a senior staff.
After the reorganization of Petromin, the government
transferred the production and distribution of lubricating oils
to two joint ventures with Mobil. Two new companies were
established: Petromin Lubricating Oil Company (Petrolube) and
Petromin Lubricating Oil Refining Company (Luberef). Luberef
operated the kingdom's single base oil refinery (base oil is a
byproduct of the refining process), while Petrolube ran three
small lubricating oil blending plants. Three other smaller
private sector plants also operated lubricating oil blending
facilities.
Al Marjan gas-oil separation plant
Courtesy Aramco World
Ras Tanura Sea Islands Number 3 and Number 4, with
tankers
Courtesy Aramco World
Data as of December 1992
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