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WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
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Qatar
Index
![[JPEG]](/images/frd/cs/jpeg.gif)
Gunboat of the Royal Oman Navy prepares to transfer a
crew member injured while patrolling the Strait of Hormuz.
Courtesy Aramco World
Weapons training for women of the Royal Oman Police
Courtesy Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman, Washington
As a regional commercial power in the nineteenth
century,
Oman held territories on the island of Zanzibar off the
coast of
East Africa, in Mombasa along the coast of East Africa,
and until
1958 in Gwadar (in present-day Pakistan) on the coast of
the
Arabian Sea. When its East African possessions were lost,
Oman
withdrew into isolationism in the southeast corner of the
Arabian
Peninsula. Another of the gulf states with long-standing
ties to
the British, Oman became important in the British-French
rivalry
at the end of the eighteenth century, when Napoleonic
France
challenged the British Empire for control of the trade
routes to
the East. Although nominally a fully independent
sultanate, Oman
enjoyed the protection of the empire without being, de
jure, in
the category of a colony or a protected state. With its
external
defenses guaranteed and its overseas territories lost, the
sultanate had no need for armed forces other than
mercenaries to
safeguard the personal position of the sultan.
In 1952, when the Saudis occupied Omani territory near
the Al
Buraymi Oasis, a British-led force from the Trucial Coast
fought
the incursion and retook the territory for the sultan.
Later in
the same decade, the sultan again called on British troops
to aid
in putting down a rebellion led by the former
imam (see Glossary)
of Oman, who attempted to establish a separate state free
of rule
from Muscat. British ground and air forces dispatched to
aid the
Muscat and Oman Field Force succeeded in overcoming the
rebels in
early 1959. Nevertheless, instead of a minor intertribal
affair
in Oman's hinterland, the rebellion became an
international
incident, attracting wide sympathy and support among
members of
the League of Arab States (Arab League) and the UN.
An agreement between Sultan Said ibn Taimur Al Said and
the
British government in 1958 led to the creation of the
Sultan's
Armed Forces (SAF) and the promise of British assistance
in
military development. The agreement included the detailing
of
British officers and confirmed the existing rights of
Britain's
Royal Air Force to use facilities at Salalah in Dhofar
region and
at Masirah, an island off the Omani coast in the Arabian
Sea.
Sultan Said ibn Taimur was ultraconservative and
opposed to
change of any kind. Kindled by Arab nationalism, a
rebellion
broke out in 1964 in Dhofar, the most backward and
exploited area
of Oman. Although begun as a tribal separatist movement
against a
reactionary ruler, the rebellion was backed by leftist
elements
in the PDRY. Its original aim was the overthrow of Said
ibn
Taimur, but, by 1967, under the name of the Popular Front
for the
Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf--which in 1974 was
changed to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman
(PFLO)--
it adopted much wider goals. Supported by the Soviet Union
through the PDRY, it hoped to spread revolution throughout
the
conservative regimes of the Arabian Peninsula.
Said ibn Taimur's reprisals against the Dhofari people
tended
to drive them into the rebel camp. In 1970, as the Dhofari
guerrilla attacks expanded, Said ibn Taimur's son, Qabus
ibn Said
Al Said, replaced his father in a coup carried out with
the
assistance of British officers. Qabus ibn Said, a
Sandhurst
graduate and veteran of British army service, began a
program to
modernize the country and to develop the armed forces. In
addition to British troops and advisers, the new sultan
was
assisted by troops sent by the shah of Iran. Aid also came
from
India, Jordan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the Trucial
Coast, all
interested in ensuring that Oman did not become a
"people's
republic." An Iranian brigade, along with artillery and
helicopters, arrived in Dhofar in 1973. After the arrival
of the
Iranians, the combined forces consolidated their positions
on the
coastal plain and moved against the guerrillas' mountain
stronghold. By stages, the Omanis and Iranians gradually
subdued
the guerrilla forces, pressing their remnants closer and
closer
to the PDRY border. In December 1975, having driven the
PFLO from
Omani territory, the sultan declared that the war had been
won.
Total Omani, British, and Iranian casualties during the
final
two-and-one-half years of the conflict were about 500.
Data as of January 1993
Background
Gunboat of the Royal Oman Navy prepares to transfer a
crew member injured while patrolling the Strait of Hormuz.
Courtesy Aramco World
Weapons training for women of the Royal Oman Police
Courtesy Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman, Washington
As a regional commercial power in the nineteenth
century,
Oman held territories on the island of Zanzibar off the
coast of
East Africa, in Mombasa along the coast of East Africa,
and until
1958 in Gwadar (in present-day Pakistan) on the coast of
the
Arabian Sea. When its East African possessions were lost,
Oman
withdrew into isolationism in the southeast corner of the
Arabian
Peninsula. Another of the gulf states with long-standing
ties to
the British, Oman became important in the British-French
rivalry
at the end of the eighteenth century, when Napoleonic
France
challenged the British Empire for control of the trade
routes to
the East. Although nominally a fully independent
sultanate, Oman
enjoyed the protection of the empire without being, de
jure, in
the category of a colony or a protected state. With its
external
defenses guaranteed and its overseas territories lost, the
sultanate had no need for armed forces other than
mercenaries to
safeguard the personal position of the sultan.
In 1952, when the Saudis occupied Omani territory near
the Al
Buraymi Oasis, a British-led force from the Trucial Coast
fought
the incursion and retook the territory for the sultan.
Later in
the same decade, the sultan again called on British troops
to aid
in putting down a rebellion led by the former
imam (see Glossary)
of Oman, who attempted to establish a separate state free
of rule
from Muscat. British ground and air forces dispatched to
aid the
Muscat and Oman Field Force succeeded in overcoming the
rebels in
early 1959. Nevertheless, instead of a minor intertribal
affair
in Oman's hinterland, the rebellion became an
international
incident, attracting wide sympathy and support among
members of
the League of Arab States (Arab League) and the UN.
An agreement between Sultan Said ibn Taimur Al Said and
the
British government in 1958 led to the creation of the
Sultan's
Armed Forces (SAF) and the promise of British assistance
in
military development. The agreement included the detailing
of
British officers and confirmed the existing rights of
Britain's
Royal Air Force to use facilities at Salalah in Dhofar
region and
at Masirah, an island off the Omani coast in the Arabian
Sea.
Sultan Said ibn Taimur was ultraconservative and
opposed to
change of any kind. Kindled by Arab nationalism, a
rebellion
broke out in 1964 in Dhofar, the most backward and
exploited area
of Oman. Although begun as a tribal separatist movement
against a
reactionary ruler, the rebellion was backed by leftist
elements
in the PDRY. Its original aim was the overthrow of Said
ibn
Taimur, but, by 1967, under the name of the Popular Front
for the
Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf--which in 1974 was
changed to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman
(PFLO)--
it adopted much wider goals. Supported by the Soviet Union
through the PDRY, it hoped to spread revolution throughout
the
conservative regimes of the Arabian Peninsula.
Said ibn Taimur's reprisals against the Dhofari people
tended
to drive them into the rebel camp. In 1970, as the Dhofari
guerrilla attacks expanded, Said ibn Taimur's son, Qabus
ibn Said
Al Said, replaced his father in a coup carried out with
the
assistance of British officers. Qabus ibn Said, a
Sandhurst
graduate and veteran of British army service, began a
program to
modernize the country and to develop the armed forces. In
addition to British troops and advisers, the new sultan
was
assisted by troops sent by the shah of Iran. Aid also came
from
India, Jordan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the Trucial
Coast, all
interested in ensuring that Oman did not become a
"people's
republic." An Iranian brigade, along with artillery and
helicopters, arrived in Dhofar in 1973. After the arrival
of the
Iranians, the combined forces consolidated their positions
on the
coastal plain and moved against the guerrillas' mountain
stronghold. By stages, the Omanis and Iranians gradually
subdued
the guerrilla forces, pressing their remnants closer and
closer
to the PDRY border. In December 1975, having driven the
PFLO from
Omani territory, the sultan declared that the war had been
won.
Total Omani, British, and Iranian casualties during the
final
two-and-one-half years of the conflict were about 500.
Data as of January 1993
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Background | | Ruled by the al-Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar transformed itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearling into an independent state with significant oil and natural gas revenues. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Qatari economy was crippled by a continuous siphoning off of petroleum revenues by the Amir, who had ruled the country since 1972. His son, the current Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa al-Thani, overthrew him in a bloodless coup in 1995. In 2001, Qatar resolved its longstanding border disputes with both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. As of 2007, oil and natural gas revenues had enabled Qatar to attain the second-highest per capita income in the world.
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Location | | Middle East, peninsula bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia
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Area(sq km) | | total: 11,586 sq km
land: 11,586 sq km
water: 0 sq km
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Geographic coordinates | | 25 30 N, 51 15 E
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Land boundaries(km) | | total: 60 km
border countries: Saudi Arabia 60 km
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Coastline(km) | | 563 km
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Climate | | arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
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Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Qurayn Abu al Bawl 103 m
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Natural resources | | petroleum, natural gas, fish
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Land use(%) | | arable land: 1.64%
permanent crops: 0.27%
other: 98.09% (2005)
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Irrigated land(sq km) | | 130 sq km (2002)
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Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 0.1 cu km (1997)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 0.29 cu km/yr (24%/3%/72%)
per capita: 358 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards | | haze, dust storms, sandstorms common
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Environment - current issues | | limited natural fresh water resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities
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Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note | | strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleum deposits
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Population | | 833,285 (July 2009 est.)
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Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 21.8% (male 93,805/female 88,040)
15-64 years: 76.8% (male 454,714/female 185,004)
65 years and over: 1.4% (male 6,792/female 4,930) (2009 est.)
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Median age(years) | | total: 30.8 years
male: 32.8 years
female: 25.4 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate(%) | | 0.957% (2009 est.)
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Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 15.61 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 2.46 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
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Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -3.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 96% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 2.2% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 2.46 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.38 male(s)/female
total population: 2 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 12.66 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.51 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 75.35 years
male: 73.66 years
female: 77.14 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 2.45 children born/woman (2009 est.)
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Nationality | | noun: Qatari(s)
adjective: Qatari
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Ethnic groups(%) | | Arab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
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Religions(%) | | Muslim 77.5%, Christian 8.5%, other 14% (2004 census)
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Languages(%) | | Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language
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Country name | | conventional long form: State of Qatar
conventional short form: Qatar
local long form: Dawlat Qatar
local short form: Qatar
note: closest approximation of the native pronunciation falls between cutter and gutter, but not like guitar
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Government type | | emirate
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Capital | | name: Doha
geographic coordinates: 25 17 N, 51 32 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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Administrative divisions | | 10 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Wakrah, Ar Rayyan, Jarayan al Batinah, Madinat ash Shamal, Umm Sa'id, Umm Salal
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Constitution | | ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by the Amir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005
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Legal system | | based on Islamic and civil law codes; discretionary system of law controlled by the Amir, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law dominates family and personal matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch | | chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa al-Thani (since 27 June 1995 when, as heir apparent, he ousted his father, Amir KHALIFA bin Hamad al-Thani, in a bloodless coup); Heir Apparent TAMIM bin Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, fourth son of the amir (selected Heir Apparent by the amir on 5 August 2003); note - Amir HAMAD also holds the positions of Minister of Defense and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
head of government: Prime Minister HAMAD bin Jasim bin Jabir al-Thani (since 3 April 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Abdallah bin Hamad al-ATIYAH (since 3 April 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the amir
elections: the amir is hereditary
note: in April 2007, Qatar held nationwide elections for a 29-member Central Municipal Council (CMC), which has limited consultative powers aimed at improving the provision of municipal services; the first election for the CMC was held in March 1999
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Legislative branch | | unicameral Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura (35 seats; members appointed)
note: no legislative elections have been held since 1970 when there were partial elections to the body; Council members have had their terms extended every year since the new constitution came into force on 9 June 2005; the constitution provides for a new 45-member Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura; the public would elect two-thirds of the Majlis al-Shura; the Amir would appoint the remaining members; preparations are underway to conduct elections to the Majlis al-Shura
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Judicial branch | | Courts of First Instance, Appeal, and Cassation; an Administrative Court and a Constitutional Court were established in 2007; note - all judges are appointed by Amiri Decree based on the recommendation of the Supreme Judiciary Council for renewable three-year terms
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Political pressure groups and leaders | | none
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International organization participation | | ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Flag description | | maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side
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Economy - overview | | Qatar has experienced rapid economic growth over the last several years on the back of high oil prices, and in 2008 posted its eighth consecutive budget surplus. Economic policy is focused on developing Qatar's nonassociated natural gas reserves and increasing private and foreign investment in non-energy sectors, but oil and gas still account for more than 50% of GDP, roughly 85% of export earnings, and 70% of government revenues. Oil and gas have made Qatar the second highest per-capita income country - following Liechtenstein - and one of the world's fastest growing. Proved oil reserves of 15 billion barrels should enable continued output at current levels for 37 years. Qatar's proved reserves of natural gas are nearly 26 trillion cubic meters, about 14% of the world total and third largest in the world. The drop in oil prices in late 2008 and the global financial crisis will reduce Qatar's budget surplus and may slow the pace of investment and development projects in 2009.
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GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $91.55 billion (2008 est.)
$80.73 billion (2007 est.)
$68.82 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate) | | $102.3 billion (2008 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 13.4% (2008 est.)
17.3% (2007 est.)
12.2% (2006 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $111,000 (2008 est.)
$99,100 (2007 est.)
$85,800 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 0.1%
industry: 74.9%
services: 25.1% (2008 est.)
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Labor force | | 1.119 million (2008 est.)
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Unemployment rate(%) | | 0.4% (2008 est.)
0.7% (2007 est.)
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Population below poverty line(%) | | NA%
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Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
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Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 32.1% of GDP (2008 est.)
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Budget | | revenues: $36.59 billion
expenditures: $27.14 billion (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 15.2% (2008 est.)
13.7% (2007 est.)
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Stock of money | | $13.98 billion (31 December 2008)
$9.718 billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of quasi money | | $36.58 billion (31 December 2008)
$22.6 billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of domestic credit | | $59.43 billion (31 December 2008)
$30.52 billion (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares | | $76.31 billion (31 December 2008)
$95.49 billion (31 December 2007)
$61.56 billion (31 December 2006)
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Economic aid - recipient | | $2.18 million (2004)
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Public debt(% of GDP) | | 5.1% of GDP (2008 est.)
11% of GDP (2007 est.)
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Agriculture - products | | fruits, vegetables; poultry, dairy products, beef; fish
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Industries | | crude oil production and refining, ammonia, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel reinforcing bars, cement, commercial ship repair
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Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 13% (2008 est.)
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Current account balance | | $15.07 billion (2008 est.)
$10.45 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports | | $55.73 billion (2008 est.)
$42.02 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports - commodities(%) | | liquefied natural gas (LNG), petroleum products, fertilizers, steel
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Exports - partners(%) | | Japan 38.5%, South Korea 20.9%, Singapore 11.1%, India 4.5%, Thailand 4.4% (2008)
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Imports | | $25.11 billion (2008 est.)
$19.82 billion (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals
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Imports - partners(%) | | US 12.1%, Germany 9%, Italy 8.9%, Japan 8%, South Korea 7.5%, France 6.2%, UAE 5.5%, UK 4.9%, Saudi Arabia 4.6%, Turkey 4.2%, China 4.2% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $9.998 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$9.752 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Debt - external | | $57.37 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$33.09 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $3.627 billion (2008 est.)
$2.601 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $5.363 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$6.993 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Exchange rates | | Qatari rials (QAR) per US dollar - 3.64 (2008 est.), 3.64 (2007), 3.64 (2006), 3.64 (2005), 3.64 (2004)
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Currency (code) | | Qatari rial (QAR)
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Telephones - main lines in use | | 263,400 (2008)
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Telephones - mobile cellular | | 1.683 million (2008)
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Telephone system | | general assessment: modern system centered in Doha
domestic: combined fixed and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership exceeds 200 telephones per 100 persons
international: country code - 974; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and the US; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and the UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (2008)
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Internet country code | | .qa
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Internet users | | 436,000 (2008)
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Airports | | 5 (2009)
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Pipelines(km) | | condensate 145 km; condensate/gas 132 km; gas 978 km; liquid petroleum gas 90 km; oil 382 km (2008)
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Roadways(km) | | total: 7,790 km (2006)
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Ports and terminals | | Doha, Ra's Laffan
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Military branches | | Qatari Amiri Land Force (QALF), Qatari Amiri Navy (QAN), Qatari Amiri Air Force (QAAF) (2009)
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Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2008)
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Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 320,383
females age 16-49: 167,475 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 318,388
females age 16-49: 136,841 (2009 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 6,337
female: 5,059 (2009 est.)
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Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 10% of GDP (2005 est.)
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Disputes - international | | none
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Trafficking in persons | | current situation: Qatar is a destination country for men and women from South and Southeast Asia who migrate willingly, but are subsequently trafficked into involuntary servitude as domestic workers and laborers, and, to a lesser extent, commercial sexual exploitation; the most common offense was forcing workers to accept worse contract terms than those under which they were recruited; other conditions include bonded labor, withholding of pay, restrictions on movement, arbitrary detention, and physical, mental, and sexual abuse
tier rating: Tier 3 - Qatar failed, for the second consecutive year, to enforce criminal laws against traffickers, or to provide an effective mechanism to identify and protect victims; it continues to detain and deport victims rather than providing them protection; the government made little progress to increase prosecutions for trafficking in a meaningful way in 2007; workers complaining of working conditions or non-payment of wages were sometimes penalized (2008)
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Electricity - production(kWh) | | 15.11 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
|
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Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 13.73 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
|
Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
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Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 1.208 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 129,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 1.043 million bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 0 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 15.21 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 76.98 billion cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 20.2 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
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Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 56.78 billion cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 25.26 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 0.09% (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | NA
|
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HIV/AIDS - deaths | | NA
|
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Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 89%
male: 89.1%
female: 88.6% (2004 census)
|
|
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 13 years
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2006)
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|
Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 3.3% of GDP (2005)
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![[JPEG]](/images/frd/cs/qatar/qa07_10a.jpg)
![[JPEG]](/images/frd/cs/qatar/qa07_10b.jpg)
