Portugal-THE ARMED FORCES

Figure 10. Organization of the Armed Forces, 1992

Figure 11. Major Military Installations, 1992

A Portuguese navy frigate of the João Belo class in a live-fire exercise
Courtesy Embassy of Portugal, Washington

A Portuguese Navy frigate of the Vasco da Gama class
Courtesy Embassy of Portugal, Washington

Jet fighters of the Portuguese Air Force
Courtesy Embassy of Portugal, Washington

Portuguese Air Force personnel manning a control tower
Courtesy Embassy of Portugal, Washington

Figure 12. Officer Ranks and Insignia, 1992

Figure 13. Enlisted Ranks and Insignia, 1992

The three services of the Portuguese armed forces had a combined personnel strength of about 61,000 in 1992: about 33,000 in the army, 15,000 in the navy, and 13,000 in the air force. The president of the republic was commander in chief of the armed forces, while the senior military officer was the chief of staff of the armed forces. The president's formal powers included the right to declare war and appoint the chiefs of staff from names proposed by the government in power. The president chaired the Higher Council of National Defense, whose members were the prime minister, the minister of defense and other cabinet ministers; the chief of staff of the armed forces; the three service chiefs of staff; and the presidents of the regional governments of the Azores and Madeira (see fig. 10).

Prior to the passage of the National Defense Law of 1982, the military controlled the passage of laws affecting the armed forces, established budgetary and procurement policies, and had the power to veto international agreements involving national defense. The 1982 law was intended to make the military subordinate to civilian political authority, functioning through the minister of defense, in defense policy matters. Successive governments were reluctant to antagonize the military establishment by depriving it of its former powers, and initially the chiefs of staff retained practical control over budgets, strategic options, and procurement matters. By the early 1990s, however, civilian authority incorporated in the 1982 law was being more rigorously applied.

Data as of January 1993