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WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
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Pakistan
Index
Pakistan's tie to the United States was a product of
the
post-World War II communist containment strategy and the
fear of
Soviet expansionism. By the end of the 1950s, a number of
factors
had changed--some to Pakistan's advantage, but others not.
The
positive factor was the emergence of China as an
independent
international actor at odds with both the Soviet Union and
India,
thereby creating new policy options for Pakistan. Less
favorable
was a decline in international tensions that reduced the
United
States preoccupation with containment and, hence,
Pakistan's
value. At the same time, the Eisenhower administration was
seeking to reclaim some of the ground it had lost with
India, and
this trend was strengthened as tensions grew between New
Delhi
and Beijing, Washington's principal bĂȘte-noire of the
time.
Pakistan was able to profit from Sino-Indian hostility
by
securing China as an additional source of support, but
ties to
Beijing were anathema to Washington and caused serious
problems
in United States-Pakistan relations during the 1960s.
Rapprochement between New Delhi and Washington also caused
deep
concern. Pakistan was appalled when, at the time of the
SinoIndian War in 1962, the United States rushed to rearm
India
without meeting Pakistan's demands that assistance be
coupled
with effective pressure to force India to settle the
Kashmir
dispute. The United States reassured Pakistan that India
was not
arming against Pakistan, but Pakistan realized that the
external
equalizer it had brought into the subcontinent to make up
its
security deficit would now be devalued as the United
States, at
best, played an even-handed role or, at worst, shifted its
principal attention to India.
The security situation deteriorated still further as
India,
which had hitherto spent relatively little on defense,
engaged in
a major buildup of forces that were primarily aimed at
China but
could as readily be turned against Pakistan. In addition,
after
1964 India took a series of steps to incorporate Kashmir
more
closely into the Indian union, rendering less likely any
negotiations on the matter with Pakistan. Under the
circumstances, Pakistan decided that its chances of
gaining
Kashmir would only deteriorate; hence, it opted for early
action.
Data as of April 1994
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