Since the mid-1960s, North Korea has been an ardent and
increasingly resourceful supplier of military equipment and
expertise to governments and resistance movements throughout the
Third World. Military assistance has been provided in the form of
equipment transfers, in-country training, and advisory groups
(see
table 12, Appendix).
Beginning in the early 1970s, P'yongyang decided to use
military assistance programs as an instrument of foreign policy.
Ideological concerns incline North Korea to extend military and
financial aid to national liberation movements, guerrilla forces,
and terrorist groups. Although its small economic base limits the
scale of its involvement in external military assistance, North
Korea is nevertheless relatively active. Foreign military
assistance efforts concentrate on comparatively inexpensive
training programs. The true extent of North Korea's involvement
in providing military assistance may never be known, however,
because of its obsessive secrecy and the inherently covert nature
of radical and revolutionary groups.
By 1990 North Korea had provided military training to groups
in sixty-two countries--twenty-five in Africa, nineteen in
Central and South America, nine in Asia, seven in the Middle
East, and two in Europe. A cumulative total of more than 5,000
foreign personnel have been trained in North Korea, and over
7,000 military advisers, primarily from the Reconnaissance
Bureau, have been dispatched to some forty-seven countries. As of
mid-1993, military advisers from North Korea were in
approximately twelve African countries. North Korea is a
convenient alternative to the superpowers for military
assistance.
External military assistance also includes weapons
agreements. Equipment transfers in the 1980s alone totaled nearly
US$4 billion. In Asia economic, technical, and military aid was
channeled to Hanoi during the Vietnam War, but the level of aid,
and whether it included any manpower support, is open to
speculation. North Korea also offered strong verbal support to
the "struggle of the Vietnamese people against imperialism." In
1971 the entire North Korean diplomatic mission to Sri Lanka was
expelled for giving financial support to the revolutionary
People's Liberation Front (Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna). Members of
the Thai Communist Party received military training in North
Korea in 1976. Pakistan was sold basic ground forces equipment in
the late 1970s and early 1980s.
In Africa support was provided to the Popular Front for the
Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro (Polisario)
guerrillas operating in the Western Sahara against Morocco and to
those in Algeria and Chad. Support came in the form of training
and small arms supplied in modest quantities. In the mid-1970s,
modest amounts of military equipment were supplied and training
was provided to governments or revolutionary groups operating in
Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar,
Mozambique, the Seychelles, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and
Zimbabwe.
In the 1980s, North Korea's highest profile military advisory
activity was in Zimbabwe. Beginning in 1981, North Korea equipped
and trained the Zimbabwean army's Fifth Brigade for
counterinsurgency and internal security duties. P'yongyang
provided almost all the equipment and about US$18 million worth
of small arms and ammunition. The mission was not successful,
however, and by 1986 the Zimbabwean government had the unit
retrained by British military instructors.
In South America and Central America, P'yongyang provided
financial aid, military training, and small arms in modest
quantities to antigovernment groups operating in Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay,
Peru, and Venezuela during the 1970s. Documents seized during the
United States 1983 military intervention in Grenada also revealed
plans for North Korean military assistance there, to include
small arms, two patrol boats, and ammunition. Military relations
with the Sandinista government in Nicaragua included the transfer
of patrol boats and other unconfirmed aid. In April 1986, North
Korea sold rifles to the government of Peru.
There are indications that North Korean advisers were
involved in actual military operations in the Middle East,
including reports that North Korean pilots flew Egyptian aircraft
during the October 1973 War. North Koreans also are alleged to
have operated Libyan tanks during the 1977 Egyptian-Libyan
conflict, although North Korea has never admitted that its
advisers participated in combat overseas. Reliable reports
suggest that as many as 100 North Korean pilots and air crews
were in Libya training pilots on Soviet-supplied aircraft
beginning in 1979 and continuing for several years and in some
cases were actually involved in operational activities. Support
to the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) began in the late
1970s and included military training in North Korea and the
supply of small amounts of arms. PLO support still may have been
continuing in mid-1993.
By the 1980s, many of North Korea's defense industry
limitations had been overcome, and by the early 1990s North Korea
was capable of supplying a much wider range of weapons and
training. Although ideology remains a significant component of
military assistance, economic considerations have become
increasingly important in weapons transfers. Arms sales to the
Middle East garner North Korea hard currency, alternative oil
sources, and access to restricted technology. Military equipment
transfers have been expanded to include high value-added military
equipment such as Scud missiles, antitank guided missiles, tanks
and armored vehicles, self-propelled and towed heavy field
artillery, and naval vessels.
For the decade ending in 1987, the United States Arms Control
and Disarmament Agency estimated that North Korea earned US$3.9
billion from arms transfers to over thirty countries in Africa,
the Middle East, and Central America, and spent some US$2.8
billion on arms imports from China and the Soviet Union.
Purchases included aircraft, missiles, trucks, radars, and
command, control, communications, and intelligence equipment.
Exports to Iran of approximately US$2.8 million comprised 71
percent of total weapons exports. Arms sales during the peak year
1982 represented 38 percent of North Korea's total exports. Arms
exports between 1981 and 1987 averaged around 27 percent of
exports annually, with a 1981 high of 40 percent and a 1986 low
of 14 percent.
The Middle East is the major market for North Korean arms,
with most sales going to Iran and Libya. Other Middle East
clients include Syria, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
(South Yemen), the PLO, and the Popular Front for the Liberation
of Palestine. Sales to Iran peaked in the first three years of
the Iran-Iraq War when Iran ordered almost US$1 billion worth of
arms from North Korea; by the end of the war, some US$2.8 billion
worth of arms had been purchased. The first Iranian arms
agreement in late 1980 covered light infantry weapons and
ammunition. Follow-on orders, however, quickly expanded the scope
of purchases. These arms transfers also became the basis for
cooperation in military production, particularly in short-range
ballistic missiles. North Korea also trained the Iranians on
Chinese mobile surface-to-air-missiles and the Iranian
Revolutionary Guards in unconventional warfare. After the end of
the Iran-Iraq war, continuing cooperation indicated that
technology transfers were still going on.
North Korean-Egyptian cooperation continues to grow. The two
nations are believed to have cooperated on each other's
battlefield ballistic missile programs. Agreements with Egypt
involve replacement parts for Soviet equipment and cooperative
efforts in missile technology. In 1980 Egypt signed a US$40
million arms agreement for various ground systems. In 1984 the
two countries signed a joint agreement for the development of the
Egyptian variant of the SA-2b/Guideline missile. The two
countries also may have cooperated on the Egyptian Eagle/SAKR-80
and the BADR-2000/Condor II missile programs.
Training and advisory groups remain an important part of the
military assistance policy. In 1988 South Korean sources
estimated that North Korea was offering a wide range of military
and unconventional warfare training at thirty facilities for
anywhere from three to eighteen months. Advisory groups were
active in thirty-four countries in 1988, mostly in Asia and
Africa. The size of the advisory groups ranges from as few as
twenty to over 100 persons.
In the early 1990s, opportunities for North Korean military
assistance programs began declining because of the disintegration
of the Soviet Union and its hardline Marxist-Leninist bloc, and
the end of several long-running military disputes such as the
Iran-Iraq War and conflicts in Yemen, Ethiopia, and Cambodia.
Arms exports remain technologically backward, but by offering
systems at comparatively low prices and showing little concern
about the buyer, P'yongyang has gained a niche in markets where
compatible Soviet equipment dominates. North Korea's motivation
has increasingly shifted from a revolutionary ideological
underpinning to cooperative activity with other states that are
uncomfortable with the emerging constraints on arms transfers and
the dominance of the United States in the new world order.
|
Background | | An independent kingdom for much of its long history, Korea was occupied by Japan beginning in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. Five years later, Japan formally annexed the entire peninsula. Following World War II, Korea was split with the northern half coming under Soviet-sponsored Communist control. After failing in the Korean War (1950-53) to conquer the US-backed Republic of Korea (ROK) in the southern portion by force, North Korea (DPRK), under its founder President KIM Il Sung, adopted a policy of ostensible diplomatic and economic "self-reliance" as a check against outside influence. The DPRK demonized the US as the ultimate threat to its social system through state-funded propaganda, and molded political, economic, and military policies around the core ideological objective of eventual unification of Korea under Pyongyang's control. KIM's son, the current ruler KIM Jong Il, was officially designated as his father's successor in 1980, assuming a growing political and managerial role until the elder KIM's death in 1994. After decades of economic mismanagement and resource misallocation, the DPRK since the mid-1990s has relied heavily on international aid to feed its population. North Korea's history of regional military provocations, proliferation of military-related items, long-range missile development, WMD programs including nuclear weapons test in 2006 and 2009, and massive conventional armed forces are of major concern to the international community.
|
|
Location | | Eastern Asia, northern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Korea Bay and the Sea of Japan, between China and South Korea
|
|
Area(sq km) | | total: 120,538 sq km
land: 120,408 sq km
water: 130 sq km
|
|
Geographic coordinates | | 40 00 N, 127 00 E
|
|
Land boundaries(km) | | total: 1,673 km
border countries: China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km
|
|
Coastline(km) | | 2,495 km
|
|
Climate | | temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
|
|
Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m
highest point: Paektu-san 2,744 m
|
|
Natural resources | | coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower
|
|
Land use(%) | | arable land: 22.4%
permanent crops: 1.66%
other: 75.94% (2005)
|
|
Irrigated land(sq km) | | 14,600 sq km (2003)
|
|
Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 77.1 cu km (1999)
|
|
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 9.02 cu km/yr (20%/25%/55%)
per capita: 401 cu m/yr (2000)
|
|
Natural hazards | | late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall
|
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Environment - current issues | | water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; waterborne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation
|
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Environment - international agreements | | party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
|
|
Geography - note | | strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia; mountainous interior is isolated and sparsely populated
|
|
Population | | 22,665,345 (July 2009 est.)
|
|
Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 21.3% (male 2,440,439/female 2,376,557)
15-64 years: 69.4% (male 7,776,889/female 7,945,399)
65 years and over: 9.4% (male 820,504/female 1,305,557) (2009 est.)
|
|
Median age(years) | | total: 33.5 years
male: 32.1 years
female: 34.9 years (2009 est.)
|
|
Population growth rate(%) | | 0.42% (2009 est.)
|
|
Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 14.82 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
|
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 10.52 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
|
|
Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -0.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
|
Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 63% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 0.9% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
|
|
Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|
|
Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 51.34 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 58.64 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 43.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 63.81 years
male: 61.23 years
female: 66.53 years (2009 est.)
|
|
Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 1.96 children born/woman (2009 est.)
|
|
Nationality | | noun: Korean(s)
adjective: Korean
|
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Ethnic groups(%) | | racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese community and a few ethnic Japanese
|
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Religions(%) | | traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, some Christian and syncretic Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way)
note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom
|
|
Languages(%) | | Korean
|
|
Country name | | conventional long form: Democratic People's Republic of Korea
conventional short form: North Korea
local long form: Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk
local short form: Choson
abbreviation: DPRK
|
|
Government type | | Communist state one-man dictatorship
|
|
Capital | | name: Pyongyang
geographic coordinates: 39 01 N, 125 45 E
time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|
|
Administrative divisions | | 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities (si, singular and plural)
provinces: Chagang-do (Chagang), Hamgyong-bukto (North Hamgyong), Hamgyong-namdo (South Hamgyong), Hwanghae-bukto (North Hwanghae), Hwanghae-namdo (South Hwanghae), Kangwon-do (Kangwon), P'yongan-bukto (North P'yongan), P'yongan-namdo (South P'yongan), Yanggang-do (Yanggang)
municipalities: Nason-si, P'yongyang-si
|
|
Constitution | | adopted 1948; revised several times
|
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Legal system | | based on Prussian civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
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Suffrage | | 17 years of age; universal
|
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Executive branch | | chief of state: KIM Jong Il (since July 1994); note - on 9 April 2009, rubberstamp Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) reelected KIM Jong Il chairman of the National Defense Commission, a position accorded nation's "highest administrative authority"; SPA reelected KIM Yong Nam in 2009 president of its Presidium also with responsibility of representing state and receiving diplomatic credentials
head of government: Premier KIM Yong Il (since 11 April 2007); Vice Premier KWAK Pom Gi (since 5 September 1998), Vice Premier O Su Yong (since 13 April 2009), Vice Premier PAK Su Gil (since 18 September 2009), Vice Premier PAK Myong Su (since 4 September 2009), Vice Premier RO Tu Chol (since 3 September 2003)
cabinet: Naegak (cabinet) members, except for Minister of People's Armed Forces, are appointed by SPA
elections: last held in September 2003; date of next election NA
election results: KIM Jong Il and KIM Yong Nam were only nominees for positions and ran unopposed
|
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Legislative branch | | unicameral Supreme People's Assembly or Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui (687 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 8 March 2009 (next due to be held in March 2014)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; ruling party approves a list of candidates who are elected without opposition; a token number of seats are reserved for minor parties
|
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Judicial branch | | Central Court (judges are elected by the Supreme People's Assembly)
|
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Political pressure groups and leaders | | none
|
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International organization participation | | ARF, FAO, G-77, ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
|
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Flag description | | three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star
|
|
Economy - overview | | North Korea, one of the world's most centrally directed and least open economies, faces chronic economic problems. Industrial capital stock is nearly beyond repair as a result of years of underinvestment and shortages of spare parts. Large-scale military spending draws off resources needed for investment and civilian consumption. Industrial and power output have declined in parallel from pre-1990 levels. Severe flooding in the summer of 2007 aggravated chronic food shortages caused by on-going systemic problems including a lack of arable land, collective farming practices, and persistent shortages of tractors and fuel. Large-scale international food aid deliveries have allowed the people of North Korea to escape widespread starvation since famine threatened in 1995, but the population continues to suffer from prolonged malnutrition and poor living conditions. Since 2002, the government has allowed private "farmers' markets" to begin selling a wider range of goods. It also permitted some private farming - on an experimental basis - in an effort to boost agricultural output. In October 2005, the government tried to reverse some of these policies by forbidding private sales of grains and reinstituting a centralized food rationing system. By December 2005, the government terminated most international humanitarian assistance operations in North Korea (calling instead for developmental assistance only) and restricted the activities of remaining international and non-governmental aid organizations such as the World Food Program. External food aid now comes primarily from China and South Korea in the form of grants and long-term concessional loans. In May 2008, the US agreed to give 500,000 metric tons of food to North Korea via the World Food Program and US nongovernmental organizations; Pyongyang began receiving these shipments in mid-2008. During the October 2007 summit, South Korea also agreed to develop some of North Korea's infrastructure, natural resources, and light industry, but inter-Korean economic cooperation slowed in 2008 as Pyongyang restricted tourism and manufacturing joint ventures in the North, and food aid from South Korea was suspended. Firm political control remains the Communist government's overriding concern, which will likely inhibit the loosening of economic regulations.
|
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $40 billion (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate) | | $26.2 billion (2008 est.)
|
|
GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 3.7% (2008 est.)
|
|
GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $1,800 (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
|
GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 23.3%
industry: 43.1%
services: 33.6% (2002 est.)
|
|
Labor force | | 20 million
note: estimates vary widely (2004 est.)
|
|
Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 37%
industry and services: 63% (2004 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate(%) | | NA%
|
|
Population below poverty line(%) | | NA%
|
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
|
|
Budget | | revenues: $2.88 billion
expenditures: $2.98 billion (2005)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | NA%
|
|
Economic aid - recipient | | $372 million
note: approximately 65,000 metric tons in food aid through the World Food Program appeals in 2007, plus additional aid from bilateral donors and non-governmental organizations (2007 est.)
|
|
Agriculture - products | | rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; cattle, pigs, pork, eggs
|
|
Industries | | military products; machine building, electric power, chemicals; mining (coal, iron ore, limestone, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals), metallurgy; textiles, food processing; tourism
|
|
Industrial production growth rate(%) | | NA%
|
|
Exports | | $1.684 billion (2007)
|
|
Exports - commodities(%) | | minerals, metallurgical products, manufactures (including armaments), textiles, agricultural and fishery products
|
|
Exports - partners(%) | | South Korea 45%, China 35%, India 5% (2007)
|
|
Imports | | $3.055 billion (2007)
$2.879 billion (2006)
|
|
Imports - commodities(%) | | petroleum, coking coal, machinery and equipment, textiles, grain
|
|
Imports - partners(%) | | China 46%, South Korea 34%, Thailand 6%, Russia 4% (2007)
|
|
Debt - external | | $12.5 billion (2001 est.)
|
|
Exchange rates | | North Korean won (KPW) per US dollar - 140 (2007), 141 (2006), 170 (December 2004), market rate: North Korean won per US dollar - 3,400 (October 2008)
|
|
Currency (code) | | North Korean won (KPW)
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use | | 1.18 million (2008)
|
|
Telephone system | | general assessment: inadequate system; currently mobile cellular telephone services are available in Pyongyang only
domestic: fiber-optic links installed between cities; telephone directories unavailable; mobile cellular service, initiated in 2002, suspended in 2004; Orascom Telecom, an Egyptian company, launched mobile service on December 15, 2008 for the Pyongyang area only
international: country code - 850; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean, 1 Russian - Indian Ocean region); other international connections through Moscow and Beijing (2008)
|
|
Internet country code | | .kp
|
|
Airports | | 79 (2009)
|
|
Pipelines(km) | | oil 154 km (2008)
|
|
Roadways(km) | | total: 25,554 km
paved: 724 km
unpaved: 24,830 km (2006)
|
|
Ports and terminals | | Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam (Hamhung), Kimch'aek, Kosong, Najin, Namp'o, Sinuiju, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Ungsang, Wonsan
|
|
Military branches | | North Korean People's Army: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force; civil security forces (2005)
|
|
Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 17 years of age (2004)
|
|
Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 6,225,747
females age 16-49: 6,188,270 (2008 est.)
|
|
Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 4,104,964
females age 16-49: 4,492,374 (2009 est.)
|
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 191,759
female: 184,641 (2009 est.)
|
|
Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | NA
|
|
Disputes - international | | risking arrest, imprisonment, and deportation, tens of thousands of North Koreans cross into China to escape famine, economic privation, and political oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers; Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents in the Yellow Sea with South Korea which claims the Northern Limiting Line as a maritime boundary; North Korea supports South Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima)
|
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons | | IDPs: undetermined (flooding in mid-2007 and famine during mid-1990s) (2007)
|
|
Trafficking in persons | | current situation: North Korea is a source country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation; the most common form of trafficking involves North Korean women and girls who cross the border into China voluntarily; additionally, North Korean women and girls are lured out of North Korea to escape poor social and economic conditions by the promise of food, jobs, and freedom, only to be forced into prostitution, marriage, or exploitative labor arrangements once in China
tier rating: Tier 3 - North Korea does not fully comply with minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government does not acknowledge the existence of human rights abuses in the country or recognize trafficking, either within the country or transnationally; North Korea has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)
|
|
Electricity - production(kWh) | | 20.9 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
|
Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 29%
hydro: 71%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
|
|
Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 17.49 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
|
Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
|
Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 120.7 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 16,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 0 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
|
Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 13,890 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
|
Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 0 bbl
|
|
Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
|
|
Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | NA
|
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | NA
|
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths | | NA
|
|
Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99%
|
|
Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | NA
|
