MONGABAY.COM
Mongabay.com seeks to raise interest in and appreciation of wild lands and wildlife, while examining the impact of emerging trends in climate, technology, economics, and finance on conservation and development (more)
WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
|
|
Libya
Index
The Army
In 1987 the army--by far the largest and most developed branch
of the military forces--was still organized tactically in battalion
formations. These included twenty tank battalions, thirty
mechanized infantry battalions, ten artillery battalions, and two
special forces groups comprising ten paratroop battalions. Air
defense was organized into two antiaircraft battalions and six
surface-to-air missile battalions. Two surface-to-surface missile
brigades were equipped with free rocket over ground (FROG) and Scud
missiles acquired from the Soviet Union.
Although the pattern of equipment purchases and the creation of
divisional headquarters units suggested that a transition to a more
integrated structure of mobile armored and mechanized infantry was
contemplated, by early 1987 the shift to such an organizational
form had not yet occurred. During specific deployments, as in Chad,
units were brought together on an ad hoc basis. If the tank and
mechanized battalions were to be consolidated into a more unified
command structure, this would most likely be designed for planning
territorial defense rather than for desert combat operations; the
system existing in 1987 of independent battalions afforded more
flexibility for desert combat.
In early 1987, the Libyan army was well outfitted with modern
armaments, including rocket systems, armored vehicles for its
infantry and artillery, engineering equipment, up-to-date Soviet
infantry weapons, sophisticated fire-control systems, flame
throwers and chemical munitions, and antitank guided missiles.
Libya's more than 3,000 tanks gave it the tenth largest tank force
in the world. Its range of tracked and wheeled armor, tank
transporters, and air transport ensured it the necessary mobility
to bring its forces to bear rapidly against any threat to its
territorial integrity and enabled it to intervene in ventures far
beyond its borders (see
table 10, Appendix).
The army was nevertheless confronted by grave deficiencies. The
high technological level of its equipment demanded a corresponding
level of technical competence in operation and maintenance that the
army lacked. Maintenance and repair problems were exacerbated by
the diversity of arms sources--British, American, French, Soviet,
Italian, and Brazilian. The numerous foreign advisers and
technicians were insufficient to overcome low standards of support
and logistics. To judge from the ability the Libyans demonstrated
in Chad to sustain modern combat operations over extended supply
lines, some progress was being made in correcting these problems.
The pattern of troop concentrations could not be determined
precisely from published sources. Some troops were at the
operational sites, including Tripoli, Misratah, Az Zawiyah, Surt,
Benghazi, Darnah, and Tobruk, that were established at strategic
points along the Mediterranean coast during World War II
(see
fig. 14). Others were at inland sites at desert oases, such as Sabha,
and farther south, at Al Kufrah, which became the main base for
operations in Chad. Areas adjacent to the Egyptian border,
particularly along lines of movement, were also well defended. Many
army units were scattered throughout populated areas, owing in part
to their responsibility for training People's Militia units.
Few details were available on army training. The military
academy at Benghazi, established before independence with British
assistance, offered its cadets courses in higher education and
military subjects to prepare them for active duty as junior
officers. Qadhafi and other members of the RCC attended the
institution, but it was closed after the coup. Later a military
academy opened at Tripoli.
In 1985 a military engineering college (at an unspecified
location) to provide training in all technical military
specialities was proposed. The college was to have a four-year
program leading to a bachelor's degree. At about the same time, the
establishment of a reserves college with a one-year program leading
to the rank of second lieutenant in the reserves was announced.
Admission would be contingent on the attainment of a university
degree or its equivalent and a demonstration of "adherence to the
great Fatah revolution." Because Libya is not known to have an
active reserve program, it remained unclear how the graduates of
this institution would be used.
Data as of 1987
|
|