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WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
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Lebanon
Index
The outbreak of World War I in August 1914 brought Lebanon
further problems, as Turkey allied itself with Germany and AustriaHungary . The Turkish government abolished Lebanon's semiautonomous
status and appointed Jamal Pasha, then minister of the navy, as the
commander in chief of the Turkish forces in Syria, with
discretionary powers. Known for his harshness, he militarily
occupied Lebanon and replaced the Armenian mutasarrif,
Ohannes Pasha, with a Turk, Munif Pasha.
In February 1915, frustrated by his unsuccessful attack on the
British forces protecting the Suez Canal, Jamal Pasha initiated a
blockade of the entire eastern Mediterranean coast to prevent
supplies from reaching his enemies and indirectly caused thousands
of deaths from widespread famine and plagues. Lebanon suffered as
much as, or more than, any other Ottoman province. The blockade
deprived the country of its tourists and summer visitors, and
remittances from relatives and friends were lost or delayed for
months. The Turkish Army cut down trees for wood to fuel trains or
for military purposes. In 1916 Turkish authorities publicly
executed twenty-one Syrians and Lebanese in Damascus and Beirut,
respectively, for alleged anti-Turkish activities. The date, May 6,
is commemorated annually in both countries as Martyrs' Day, and the
site in Beirut has come to be known as Martyrs' Square.
Relief came, however, in September 1918 when the British
general Edmund Allenby and Faysal I, son of Sharif Husayn of Mecca,
moved into Palestine with British and Arab forces, thus opening the
way for the occupation of Syria and Lebanon. At the San Remo
Conference held in Italy in April 1920, the Allies gave France a
mandate over Greater Syria. France then appointed General Henri
Gouraud to implement the mandate provisions.
Data as of December 1987
World War I
The outbreak of World War I in August 1914 brought Lebanon
further problems, as Turkey allied itself with Germany and AustriaHungary . The Turkish government abolished Lebanon's semiautonomous
status and appointed Jamal Pasha, then minister of the navy, as the
commander in chief of the Turkish forces in Syria, with
discretionary powers. Known for his harshness, he militarily
occupied Lebanon and replaced the Armenian mutasarrif,
Ohannes Pasha, with a Turk, Munif Pasha.
In February 1915, frustrated by his unsuccessful attack on the
British forces protecting the Suez Canal, Jamal Pasha initiated a
blockade of the entire eastern Mediterranean coast to prevent
supplies from reaching his enemies and indirectly caused thousands
of deaths from widespread famine and plagues. Lebanon suffered as
much as, or more than, any other Ottoman province. The blockade
deprived the country of its tourists and summer visitors, and
remittances from relatives and friends were lost or delayed for
months. The Turkish Army cut down trees for wood to fuel trains or
for military purposes. In 1916 Turkish authorities publicly
executed twenty-one Syrians and Lebanese in Damascus and Beirut,
respectively, for alleged anti-Turkish activities. The date, May 6,
is commemorated annually in both countries as Martyrs' Day, and the
site in Beirut has come to be known as Martyrs' Square.
Relief came, however, in September 1918 when the British
general Edmund Allenby and Faysal I, son of Sharif Husayn of Mecca,
moved into Palestine with British and Arab forces, thus opening the
way for the occupation of Syria and Lebanon. At the San Remo
Conference held in Italy in April 1920, the Allies gave France a
mandate over Greater Syria. France then appointed General Henri
Gouraud to implement the mandate provisions.
Data as of December 1987
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