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Laos
Index
Kaysone Phomvihan was preeminent leader of both the
party and
the state until his death in November 1992. Kaysone's
unusual
career of leadership had taken him through two decades of
revolution and almost another two decades of independence.
Born in
1920, Kaysone studied at the Faculty of Law at the
University of
Hanoi where, in 1942, he joined the struggle against the
French
colonialists, according to his official biography. Kaysone
was
known in Hanoi by his Vietnamese name Quoc.
For at least a decade after independence, Kaysone
avoided
contact with the masses, Western diplomats, and
journalists,
remaining heavily guarded and secretive, in some ways
continuing an
earlier shadowy revolutionary style. Kaysone's caution may
have
been influenced by concern for his safety because several
attempts
had been made on his life during the first few years of
his rule.
However, during 1989 and 1990, Kaysone moved about more
freely in
Laos and showed himself more openly to the outside world.
For the
first time, he made state visits to Japan, China, and
Sweden. He
gave interviews to Western journalists and was more
available to
meet with Western officials. His public statements
suggested that
he was impressed by the level of development he had seen
in
affluent nations and that he was open to new techniques to
bring
economic progress to Laos under the leadership of the
LPRP.
Although the political careers of most communist
leaders in
Europe and Asia had been terminated when fundamental new
policies
were introduced to their regimes, Kaysone continued his
leadership
without challenge, showing unusual political agility and
ideological flexibility. Kaysone had long embraced
Marxism-
Leninism, following the pattern of his Vietnamese and
Soviet
mentors. When evidence of change in the communist world
began to
appear, Kaysone propounded the New Economic Mechanism in
1986,
invoking Lenin, but soon moved control of state
enterprises to
autonomous firms, and by 1989 edged more deliberately
toward a
market economy
(see Industrial Policy
, ch. 3). Kaysone
appeared to
be a pragmatic communist leader, open to the ideas of
outsiders and
zealous for--although unsuccessful at producing--economic
growth.
Upon Kaysone's death, the person who had been second in
party
Politburo rank as long as Kaysone had been first, Nouhak
Phoumsavan, born in 1914, was passed over as party
chairman--
presumably for reasons of age and ill health--in favor of
the
third-ranking member, General Khamtai Siphandon. However,
in
keeping with the Laotian communist practice of maintaining
continuity and honoring seniority, Nouhak was promoted
from deputy
prime minister to president of state.
The new LPRP chairman, Khamtai, also retains his
government
post as prime minister, suggesting that he has
consolidated his
role as the preeminent political leader. Born in 1924 in
Champasak
Province, Khamtai is the youngest surviving member of the
group
that founded the Free Laos Front
(Neo Lao Issara--see Glossary) in
1950 and the LPP in 1955. He is thought to have spent part
of World
War II (1939-45) in India and was employed as a postal
worker in
southern Laos after the war. He joined the
Lao Issara
(Free Laos-- see Glossary) in 1946 and remained with the Pathet Lao
group that split with the Lao Issara in 1949
(see The Coming of Independence
, ch. 1). Assigned to military and political functions in
the
southern Laos sector, Khamtai was elected to the Central
Committee
of the Free Laos Front in 1950. According to a biography
published
in the Vietnamese newspaper, Nhan Dan (People)
[Hanoi],
Khamtai was appointed chief of staff of the Lao People's
Liberation Army
(LPLA--see Glossary)
in 1954, and in 1957 he was
elected to
membership in the Central Committee of the LPP. He
directed the
party's propaganda and training functions during 1959 and
1960 and
in 1961 was named supreme commander of the LPLA. In 1962
he was
appointed to the Standing Committee of the party's Central
Committee and named deputy secretary of the General
Military
Committee.
Khamtai moved steadily forward in the LPRP Politburo to
the
third ranking position, serving as minister of national
defense
from 1975 to 1991 and as deputy prime minister before his
elevation
to the post of prime minister in 1991. Khamtai's
background in the
military establishment, which has been a conservative
force in
Laotian politics, is thought to make him particularly
sensitive to
security concerns. He has a reputation as a hardliner and
appears
to be more inclined toward secrecy than Kaysone. Before
assuming
the post of prime minister, he had little exposure to
Westerners,
although his contacts increased when he took on his new
task.
The deputy prime minister for foreign affairs in 1993
was Phoun
Sipaseut, a veteran Politburo member who headed the
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs for seventeen years. Below him, in the
rank of
minister of foreign affairs, is Somsavat Lengsavat, who
ranked
fifty-first in the LPRP Central Committee. In Kaysone's
time, an
"inner cabinet" of six party leaders carried the major
decisionmaking responsibility for the government. Of this group,
only three
members were living as of mid-1994--Nouhak, Khamtai, and
Phoun. It
is uncertain whether Kaysone's successors will continue
the inner
cabinet, but there appears to be some generational
conflict. A
transition will be required from leaders who were educated
by
service in the secret revolutionary party to those who may
have
studied abroad--very likely in France--before 1975 and
whose
membership in the party came during a more open era. One
of the
vice ministers of foreign affairs in 1992, for example,
studied in
the French military academy, Saint Cyr, as did a former
minister of
external economic relations. The latter was dealing very
adroitly
in 1991 with foreign donors, and at the Fifth Party
Congress, his
rank on the Central Committee rose from twenty-sixth to
sixteenth.
His counterpart in the Ministry of Finance, however, a
former
provincial governor with more than three decades of
service in the
revolutionary movement, was propelled from forty-third to
tenth in
the Central Committee and gained membership in the
Politburo.
Data as of July 1994
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