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WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
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Kazakstan
Index
In 1992 some 16 percent of Kazakstan's work force was employed in
manufacturing 24 percent in agriculture and forestry, 9 percent in
construction, 9 percent in transportation and communications, and 32
percent in trade and services (see table 9, Appendix). An estimated 28.3
percent of the work force had at least a secondary education at the time
of independence. Russians generally were employed in higher-paying sectors
such as industry, transportation, and science, and Kazaks predominated in
lower-paying areas such as health care, culture, art, and education.
Overall, about two-thirds of workers and about 80 percent of industrial
workers were non-Kazaks. In state enterprises, which provided 95 percent
of employment before independence, one-half of the work force was female
in 1990. The high participation rate of women contributed to an overall
participation rate of 79 percent of working-age citizens in some form of
employment.
In 1990 the working population of the republic peaked at around 6.7
million people, in a command economy where the legal requirement of full
employment of both men and women meant substantial underemployment not
revealed by official statistics. By the end of 1994, the number of
employed people had declined about 8.9 percent, to about 6.1 million. This
drop was caused in part by the privatization of Kazakstan's economy (by
1993 about 7 percent of Kazakstanis were working outside the state
sector), but it also reflected growing unemployment and underemployment.
In January 1995, there were 85,700 officially registered unemployed people
in the republic, up from 4,000 in 1992. That figure does not include an
unknown but significant number of workers whose names remained on official
payroll lists while they were on forced leave, reduced hours, and delayed
wage-payment schedules.
Data as of March 1996
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