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Ivory Coast
Index
After independence, the production of export cash crops
such as
coffee and cocoa supported the development of
nonagricultural
economic growth, particularly in the Abidjan area
(see Growth and Structure of the Economy
, ch. 3). The commercial
development of
Abidjan and its growing status as the administrative
center of the
country consequently attracted even more French private
investment
and personnel. This concentration of economic and
political
activity in Abidjan led to population shifts toward the
south and
the creation of a modern capital, the life of which
contrasted
sharply with Côte d'Ivoire's up-country village life.
The country's increasing economic wealth, however, did
not
benefit all segments of the population. Rapid urbanization
brought
massive urban unemployment and rising conflict. Labeled by
the
government as the sans-travail, unemployed
Ivoirians in
Abidjan began to organize protest demonstrations in 1969
to
pressure the government to achieve greater Ivoirianization
of lowlevel jobs. On September 30, 1969, about 1,600
demonstrators were
arrested in the capital, leading to resentment of both
government
and foreign workers among the sans-travail.
Another problem area existed between Ivoirian
intellectuals and
some elites on the one hand and white Europeans, mainly
the French,
who held numerous skilled jobs in the economy and civil
service, on
the other hand. The Ivoirian government was reluctant to
undertake
a large-scale Ivoirianization of the economy. It wanted to
preserve
Côte d'Ivoire's economic ties to France and to avoid
staffing the
administration with untrained bureaucrats. Consequently,
many
Ivoirians perceived Houphouët-Boigny as favoring Europeans
over
Ivoirians in employment.
Another rift resulted from the influx from other
African
countries of hundreds of thousands of unskilled workers,
most of
whom were Mossi from Upper Volta. The Ivoirian government
encouraged the import of cheap foreign African laborers,
who worked
on the large coffee and cocoa plantations and in industry.
Competition between Ivoirian and foreign workers exploded
into
violence in September and October 1969, when widespread
attacks on
Mossi workers occurred in Abidjan.
A fourth area of conflict resulted from the antagonism
between
students and the PDCI government. This antagonism
manifested itself
in recurrent protests by university students. Large
numbers of
Ivoirian students who had studied in France or were
influenced by
students from many other sub-Saharan African countries
rejected the
PDCI's ideological movement away from socialism that had
begun in
1950. They rejected what they perceived as the regime's
neocolonial
policies vis-à-vis France. Many students also objected to
the
government's placement of the major student organization
under the
control of the PDCI.
A confrontation between the students and the government
occurred in May 1969, when the student organization, the
Movement
of Ivoirian Primary and Secondary School Students
(Mouvement des
Etudiants et Elèves de Côte d'Ivoire--MEECI), presented a
list of
demands to the government for specific reforms at Abidjan
University (present-day National University of Côte
d'ivoire) and
held a strike in which 150 students participated. The
government
arrested all Ivoirian student protesters in Abidjan,
expelled all
foreign students, and closed the university for two weeks,
leading
to further expressions of student discontent at the
university. The
government's crackdown aroused the sympathy of other
discontented
groups, including the sans-travail and secondary
students in
other towns. For its part, the government considered
student
activity as a threat to its authority and political
stability, and
it blamed the strike on outside communist influences.
Data as of November 1988
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