Iraq-Sunni-Shia Relations in Iraq

Until the 1980s, the dominant view of contemporary political analysts held that Iraq was badly split along sectarian lines. The claim was that the Sunnis--although a minority--ran Iraq and subjected the majority Shias to systematic discrimination. According to the prevailing belief, the Shias would drive the Sunnis from power, if once afforded an opportunity to do so.

There was some basis to this notion. For many years Iraq was ruled by-and-large by Arab Sunnis who tended to come from a restricted area around Baghdad, Mosul, and Ar Rutbah--the socalled Golden Triangle. In the 1980s, not only was President Saddam Husayn a Sunni, but he was the vice chairman of the ruling Baath Party (Arab Socialist Resurrection). One of the two deputy prime ministers and the defense minister were also Sunnis. In addition, the top posts in the security services have usually been held by Sunnis, and most of the army's corps commanders have been Sunnis. It is also true that the most depressed region of the country is the south, where the bulk of the Shias reside.

Nonetheless, the theory of sectarian strife was undercut by the behavior of Iraq's Shia community during Iran's 1982 invasion and the fighting thereafter. Although about three-quarters of the lower ranks of the army were Shias, as of early 1988, no general insurrection of Iraq; Shias had occurred.

Even in periods of major setback for the Iraqi army--such as the Al Faw debacle in 1986--the Shias have continued staunchly to defend their nation and the Baath regime. They have done so despite intense propaganda barrages mounted by the Iranians, calling on them to join the Islamic revolution.

It appears, then, that, however important sectarian affiliation may have been in the past, in the latter 1980s nationalism was the basic determiner of loyalty. In the case of Iraq's Shias, it should be noted that they are Arabs, not Persians, and that they have been the traditional enemies of the Persians for centuries. The Iraqi government has skillfully exploited this age-old enmity in its propaganda, publicizing the war as part of the ancient struggle between the Arab and Persian empires. For example, Baathist publicists regularly call the war a modern day "Qadisiyah." Qadisiyah was the battle in A.D.637 in which the Arabs defeated the pagan hosts of Persia, enabling Islam to spread to the East.

The real tension in Iraq in the latter 1980s was between the majority of the population, Sunnis as well as Shias, for whom religious belief and practice were significant values, and the secular Baathists, rather than between Sunnis and Shias. Although the Shias had been underrepresented in government posts in the period of the monarchy, they made substantial progress in the educational, business, and legal fields. Their advancement in other areas, such as the opposition parties, was such that in the years from 1952 to 1963, before the Baath Party came to power, Shias held the majority of party leadership posts. Observers believed that in the late 1980s Shias were represented at all levels of the party roughly in proportion to government estimates of their numbers in the population. For example, of the eight top Iraqi leaders who in early 1988 sat with Husayn on the Revolutionary Command Council--Iraq's highest governing body-- three were Arab Shias (of whom one had served as Minister of Interior), three were Arab Sunnis, one was an Arab Christian, and one a Kurd. On the Regional Command Council--the ruling body of the party--Shias actually predominated (see The Baath Party , ch. 4). During the war, a number of highly competent Shia officers have been promoted to corps commanders. The general who turned back the initial Iranian invasions of Iraq in 1982 was a Shia.

The Shias continued to make good progress in the economic field as well during the 1980s. Although the government does not publish statistics that give breakdowns by religious affiliation, qualified observers noted that many Shias migrated from rural areas, particularly in the south, to the cities, so that not only Basra but other cities including Baghdad acquired a Shia majority. Many of these Shias prospered in business and the professions as well as in industry and the service sector. Even those living in the poorer areas of the cities were generally better off than they had been in the countryside. In the rural areas as well, the educational level of Shias came to approximate that of their Sunni counterparts.

In summary, prior to the war the Baath had taken steps toward integrating the Shias. The war placed inordinate demands on the regime for manpower, demands that could only be met by levying the Shia community--and this strengthened the regime's resolve to further the integration process. In early 1988, it seemed likely that when the war ends, the Shias would emerge as full citizens-- assuming that the Baath survives the conflict.

Data as of May 1988

• Iraq-TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  
• Iraq-Shias
  
• Iraq-Internal Security in the 1980s
  
• Iraq-NATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS
  
• Iraq-The Sociology of the Military
  
• Iraq-Iraqi Offensives, 1980-82
  
• Iraq-Internal Developments and Security INTERNAL SECURITY
  
• Iraq-Education EDUCATION AND WELFARE
  
• Iraq-INDUSTRIALIZATION
  
• Iraq-IRAQ
  
• Iraq-Criminal Justice System
  
• Iraq-Oil in the 1980s
  
• Iraq-The Turkish Petroleum Company
  
• Iraq-Introduction
  
• Iraq-The Defense Burden
  
• Iraq-Water Resources
  
• Iraq-Impact of the Iranian Revolution on Iraqi Shias
  
• Iraq-Population
  
• Iraq-Chapter 3 - The Economy
  
• Iraq-Political Opposition
  
• Iraq-The Iraqi Communists and Baathist Iraq
  
• Iraq-FOREIGN POLICY
  
• Iraq-The People
  
• Iraq-Sunni-Shia Relations in Iraq
  
• Iraq-Welfare
  
• Iraq-The National Assembly
  
• Iraq-Military Justice System
  
• Iraq-MASS MEDIA
  
• Iraq-CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
  
• Iraq-Railroads
  
• Iraq-The Iran-Iraq War and the Quest for New Sources of Arms
  
• Iraq-Boundaries GEOGRAPHY AND POPULATION
  
• Iraq-Impact of Agrarian Reform
  
• Iraq-COUPS, COUP ATTEMPTS, AND FOREIGN POLICY
  
• Iraq-Treatment of Veterans and Widows
  
• Iraq-The Search for Nuclear Technology
  
• Iraq-The Revolutionary Command Council GOVERNMENT
  
• Iraq-ECONOMY
  
• Iraq-Preface
  
• Iraq-Cropping and Livestock
  
• Iraq-The Judiciary
  
• Iraq-BANKING AND FINANCE
  
• Iraq-Conditions of Service and Morale
  
• Iraq-THE OTTOMAN PERIOD, 1534-1918
  
• Iraq-Post-World War II Through the 1970s
  
• Iraq-Participation in International Organizations
  
• Iraq-PARAMILITARY FORCES
  
• Iraq-Islam
  
• Iraq-Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
  
• Iraq-Iranian and Greek Intrusions
  
• Iraq-The Baath Party POLITICS
  
• Iraq-FOREIGN TRADE
  
• Iraq-The West
  
• Iraq-Ports
  
• Iraq-The Tanker War, 1984-87
  
• Iraq-Arms from France
  
• Iraq-IRAQ AS AN INDEPENDENT MONARCHY
  
• Iraq-Developments Through World War II THE OIL SECTOR
  
• Iraq-The Mongol Invasion
  
• Iraq-Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform
  
• Iraq-The Politics of Alliance: The Progressive National Front
  
• Iraq-Airports
  
• Iraq-The Abbasid Caliphate, 750-1258
  
• Iraq-THE IRAN-IRAQ CONFLICT
  
• Iraq-Roads
  
• Iraq-Arms from the Soviet Union
  
• Iraq-Uniforms and Rank Insignia
  
• Iraq-GEOGRAPHY
  
• Iraq-SOCIETY
  
• Iraq-The President and the Council of Ministers
  
• Iraq-SOCIAL SYSTEMS
  
• Iraq-The War of Attrition, 1984-87
  
• Iraq-Local Government
  
• Iraq-GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  
• Iraq-THE ARAB CONQUEST AND THE COMING OF ISLAM
  
• Iraq-Settlement Patterns
  
• Iraq-RELIGIOUS LIFE
  
• Iraq
  
• Iraq-THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
  
• Iraq-Major Geographical Features
  
• Iraq-Acknowledgments
  
• Iraq-Chapter 5 - National Security
  
• Iraq-Climate
  
• Iraq-TRANSPORTATION
  
• Iraq
  
• Iraq-Urban Society
  
• Iraq-Other Minorities
  
• Iraq-Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
  
• Iraq
  
• Iraq-Status in National Life ARMED FORCES AND SOCIETY
  
• Iraq-NATIONAL SECURITY
  
• Iraq
  
• Iraq-REPUBLICAN IRAQ
  
• Iraq-Iraqi Retreats, 1982-84
  
• Iraq-Military Ties Prior to the Iran-Iraq War FOREIGN MILITARY TIES
  
• Iraq-Iraq and Other Arab Countries
  
• Iraq-Kurds
  
• Iraq-Size, Equipment, and Organization THE REGULAR ARMED FORCES
  
• Iraq
  
• Iraq-The Kurdish Problem
  
• Iraq-Incidence of Crime
  
• Iraq-The Persian Gulf Countries
  
• Iraq-Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
  
• Iraq-Manpower and Training
  
• Iraq
  
• Iraq-Health
  
• Iraq-The Sunni-Shia Controversy
  
• Iraq-Relations with Other Countries
  
• Iraq-WORLD WAR I AND THE BRITISH MANDATE
  
• Iraq-GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
  
• Iraq-Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
  
• Iraq-Foreword
  
• Iraq-Sunnis
  
• Iraq-The Impact of Casualties on the Armed Forces
  
• Iraq-ELECTRICITY
  
• Iraq -Country Profile
  
• Iraq
  
• Iraq-TRANSPORTATION