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Indonesia-Population THE EMERGING FRAMEWORK FOR THE INDONESIAN NATION

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Indonesia Index

Figure 6. Population by Age and Sex, 1988

Source: Based on information from United Nations, Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Global Estimates and Projections of Population by Sex and Age, New York, 1989, 210.

There was widespread agreement within the Indonesian government and among foreign advisers that one of the most pressing problems facing the nation in the early 1990s was overpopulation. While Indonesia still had high fertility rates, there were significant reductions in these levels in the 1980s. The overall population annual growth rate was reduced to an estimated 2.0 percent by 1990, down from 2.2 in the 1975-80 period. The crude birth rate declined from 48.8 births per 1,000 in 1968 to 29 per 1,000 in 1990. Although the widely publicized goal of 22 per 1,000 by 1991 was not achieved, the results were impressive for a country the size of Indonesia. The effect of the programs of the National Family Planning Coordinating Agency (BKKBN; for this and other acronyms, see table A) was particularly dramatic in Java, Bali, and in urban areas in Sumatra and Kalimantan, despite cutbacks in funding. The success of the program in these areas seemed to be directly linked to the improved education of women, their increasing tendency to postpone marriage, and, most important, to a growing awareness and effective use of modern contraceptives.

The reason behind Indonesia's overall decline in fertility rates was a matter of debate in 1992, because it was not clear that economic conditions had improved for most Indonesians during the 1970s and 1980s (the middle class did experience some improvement). Indeed, although the number of poor decreased in the 1970s and 1980s, landlessness, malnutrition, and social and economic inequality may have increased for many of the rural poor. However, some observers argued that, despite the lack of social and economic improvements among Indonesia's poor, easy availability of birth control procedures, mass education, and more mobile family structures may be sufficient to explain this impressive change.

Even though Indonesia's growth rate had decreased over the decades since independence, the population continued to grow and population density increased significantly, particularly on the main islands (see table 3; table 4, Appendix). In July 1992, Indonesia's population had reached 195,683,531, with an annual growth rate of 1.7 percent, according to United States estimates. The Indonesians themselves claimed 179,322,000 in their 1990 census and various foreign estimates for 1992 ranged between 183 million and 184 million, with a 1.7 percent growth rate. Population growth placed enormous pressures on land, the education system, and other social resources, and was closely linked to the dramatic rise in population mobility and urbanization. At such rates of growth, the population was expected to double by 2025. Even if birth control programs in place in the early 1990s succeeded beyond expectations and each Indonesian woman had only two children, Indonesia's population was still so young that huge numbers of women would reach their child-bearing years in the first decades of the twentyfirst century (see fig. 6). This tremendous ballooning of the younger population groups virtually ensured that overpopulation would continue to be a major source of concern well into the next century. By the year 2000, Indonesia's population was projected to reach at least 210 million, with the country maintaining its position as the fourth most populous nation on earth.

Although Indonesia's demographic situation was cause for great concern, it had much in common with other Third World nations. Indeed, in some respects Indonesia was slightly better off than other developing countries in the early 1990s because it had initiated some of the world's most ambitious programs to control its population problem. The key features of these initiatives were the national birth control program and the massive Transmigration Program, in which some 730,000 families were relocated to underpopulated areas of the country.

The population problem was most dramatic among the rice-growing peasants of Java and Bali and in cities--particularly Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, and Medan. In 1980 the islands of Java, Madura, and Bali, which comprised 6.9 percent of the nation's land area, were home to 63.6 percent of Indonesia's population. These major islands had a population density of more than 500 persons per square kilometer, five times that of the most densely populated Outer Islands.

The inability of these islands to support ever larger populations on ever smaller plots of land was apparent in 1992, particularly to the farmers themselves. Although the intensification of padi agriculture had for decades permitted the absorption of this rising labor force, the rural poor from Java, Bali, and Madura were leaving their native areas to seek more land and opportunity elsewhere. Attempts at significant land reform, which might have improved the peasants' lot, were stalled--if not abandoned--in many areas of Java because of riots and massacres following the alleged communist coup attempt of 1965 (see The Coup and its Aftermath , ch. 1). Reformers were cautious about raising the issue of land redistribution for fear of being branded communists.

Data as of November 1992

Population

Figure 6. Population by Age and Sex, 1988

Source: Based on information from United Nations, Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Global Estimates and Projections of Population by Sex and Age, New York, 1989, 210.

Data as of November 1992

Background		The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. Indonesia's first free parliamentary election after decades of repressive rule took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third-largest democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for past human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling avian influenza. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face a low intensity separatist movement in Papua.
Location		Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
Area(sq km)		total: 1,904,569 sq km land: 1,811,569 sq km water: 93,000 sq km
Geographic coordinates		5 00 S, 120 00 E
Land boundaries(km)		total: 2,830 km border countries: Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
Coastline(km)		54,716 km
Climate		tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Elevation extremes(m)		lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Natural resources		petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use(%)		arable land: 11.03% permanent crops: 7.04% other: 81.93% (2005)
Irrigated land(sq km)		45,000 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources(cu km)		2,838 cu km (1999)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)		total: 82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%) per capita: 372 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards		occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires
Environment - current issues		deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
Environment - international agreements		party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note		archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
Population		240,271,522 (July 2009 est.)
Age structure(%)		0-14 years: 28.1% (male 34,337,341/female 33,162,207) 15-64 years: 66% (male 79,549,569/female 78,918,321) 65 years and over: 6% (male 6,335,208/female 7,968,876) (2009 est.)
Median age(years)		total: 27.6 years male: 27.1 years female: 28.1 years (2009 est.)
Population growth rate(%)		1.136% (2009 est.)
Birth rate(births/1,000 population)		18.84 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population)		6.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population)		-1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Urbanization(%)		urban population: 52% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 3.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio(male(s)/female)		at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births)		total: 29.97 deaths/1,000 live births male: 34.93 deaths/1,000 live births female: 24.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
Life expectancy at birth(years)		total population: 70.76 years male: 68.26 years female: 73.38 years (2009 est.)
Total fertility rate(children born/woman)		2.31 children born/woman (2009 est.)
Nationality		noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups(%)		Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)
Religions(%)		Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)
Languages(%)		Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)
Country name		conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies
Government type		republic
Capital		name: Jakarta geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones
Administrative divisions		30 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Papua Barat, Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, the 465 regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services
Constitution		August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002
Legal system		based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage		17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age
Executive branch		chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president are elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014) election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%
Legislative branch		People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house, consists of members of DPR and DPD, has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution, does not formulate national policy; House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms), formulates and passes legislation at the national level; House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions elections: last held 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014) election results: percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17 note: 29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the vote so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties
Judicial branch		Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung is the final court of appeal but does not have the power of judicial review (justices are appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the legislature); in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested by the president on 16 August 2003) has the power of judicial review, jurisdiction over the results of a general election, and reviews actions to dismiss a president from office; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006; the Anti-Corruption Court has jurisdiction over corruption cases brought by the independent Corruption Eradication Commission
Political pressure groups and leaders		Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS; Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW; Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI; Islamic Defenders Front or FPI; People's Democracy Fortress or Bendera
International organization participation		ADB, APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Flag description		two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
Economy - overview		Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has made significant economic advances under the administration of President YUDHOYONO but faces challenges stemming from the global financial crisis and world economic downturn. Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio in recent years has declined steadily because of increasingly robust GDP growth and sound fiscal stewardship. The government has introduced significant reforms in the financial sector, including in the areas of tax and customs, the use of Treasury bills, and capital market supervision. Indonesia's investment law, passed in March 2007, seeks to address some of the concerns of foreign and domestic investors. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. The non-bank financial sector, including pension funds and insurance, remains weak. Despite efforts to broaden and deepen capital markets, they remain underdeveloped. Economic difficulties in early 2008 centered on high global food and oil prices and their impact on Indonesia's poor and on the budget. The onset of the global financial crisis dampened inflationary pressures, but increased risk aversion for emerging market assets resulted in large losses in the stock market, significant depreciation of the rupiah, and a difficult environment for bond issuance. As global demand has slowed and prices for Indonesia's commodity exports have fallen, Indonesia faces the prospect of growth significantly below the 6-plus percent recorded in 2007 and 2008.
GDP (purchasing power parity)		$916.7 billion (2008 est.) $864 billion (2007 est.) $812.8 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)		$511.8 billion (2008 est.)
GDP - real growth rate(%)		6.1% (2008 est.) 6.3% (2007 est.) 5.5% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP)		$3,900 (2008 est.) $3,700 (2007 est.) $3,500 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector(%)		agriculture: 14.4% industry: 48.1% services: 37.5% (2008 est.)
Labor force		112 million (2008 est.)
Labor force - by occupation(%)		agriculture: 42.1% industry: 18.6% services: 39.3% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate(%)		8.4% (2008 est.) 9.1% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line(%)		17.8% (2006)
Household income or consumption by percentage share(%)		lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 32.3% (2006)
Distribution of family income - Gini index		39.4 (2005) 37 (2001)
Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP)		23.6% of GDP (2008)
Budget		revenues: $92.62 billion expenditures: $98.88 billion (2008 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%)		9.9% (2008 est.) 6.3% (2007 est.)
Stock of money		$41.71 billion (31 December 2008) $47.78 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money		$131.5 billion (31 December 2008) $127 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit		$166.2 billion (31 December 2008) $170.2 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares		$98.76 billion (31 December 2008) $211.7 billion (31 December 2007) $138.9 billion (31 December 2006)
Economic aid - recipient		ODA, $2.524 billion (2006 est.) note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in official foreign debt (about 25% of GDP), with Japan ($25 billion), the World Bank ($8.5 billion) and the Asian Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as the largest creditors; about $6 billion in grant assistance was pledged to rebuild Aceh after the December 2004 tsunami; President YUDHOYONO disbanded the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) donor forum in January 2007
Public debt(% of GDP)		29.3% of GDP (2008 est.) 56.2% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products		rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Industries		petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism
Industrial production growth rate(%)		3.7% (2008 est.)
Current account balance		$604 million (2008 est.) $10.49 billion (2007 est.)
Exports		$139.3 billion (2008 est.) $118 billion (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities(%)		oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber
Exports - partners(%)		Japan 20.2%, US 9.5%, Singapore 9.4%, China 8.5%, South Korea 6.7%, India 5.2%, Malaysia 4.7% (2008)
Imports		$116 billion (2008 est.) $85.26 billion (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities(%)		machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Imports - partners(%)		Singapore 16.9%, China 11.8%, Japan 11.7%, Malaysia 6.9%, US 6.1%, South Korea 5.4%, Thailand 4.9% (2008)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold		$51.64 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $56.92 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external		$155.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $141.2 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home		$67.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $58.96 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad		$6.656 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $9.225 billion (2006 est.)
Exchange rates		Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,698.9 (2008), 9,143 (2007), 9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004)
Currency (code)		Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Telephones - main lines in use		30.378 million (2008)
Telephones - mobile cellular		140.578 million (2008)
Telephone system		general assessment: domestic service fair, international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system; coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile cellular subscribership growing rapidly international: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Internet country code		.id
Internet users		30 million (2008)
Airports		683 (2009)
Pipelines(km)		condensate 735 km; condensate/gas 73 km; gas 5,797 km; oil 5,721 km; oil/gas/water 12 km; refined products 1,370 km; water 44 km (2008)
Roadways(km)		total: 391,009 km paved: 216,714 km unpaved: 174,295 km (2005)
Ports and terminals		Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok
Military branches		Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines, naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2009)
Military service age and obligation(years of age)		18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2008)
Manpower available for military service		males age 16-49: 63,800,825 females age 16-49: 61,729,717 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service		males age 16-49: 52,997,922 females age 16-49: 52,503,046 (2009 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually		male: 2,197,323 female: 2,126,412 (2009 est.)
Military expenditures(% of GDP)		3% of GDP (2005 est.)
Disputes - international		Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; Timor-Leste-Indonesia Boundary Committee has resolved all but a small portion of the land boundary, but discussions on maritime boundaries are stalemated over sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai in the north and alignment with Australian claims in the south; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches
Refugees and internally displaced persons		IDPs: 200,000-350,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2007)
Electricity - production(kWh)		134.4 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - production by source(%)		fossil fuel: 86.9% hydro: 10.5% nuclear: 0% other: 2.6% (2001)
Electricity - consumption(kWh)		119.3 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - exports(kWh)		0 kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports(kWh)		0 kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production(bbl/day)		1.051 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
Oil - consumption(bbl/day)		1.564 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
Oil - exports(bbl/day)		85,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
Oil - imports(bbl/day)		671,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - proved reserves(bbl)		3.99 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
Natural gas - production(cu m)		70 billion cu m (2008 est.)
Natural gas - consumption(cu m)		36.5 billion cu m (2008 est.)
Natural gas - exports(cu m)		33.5 billion cu m (2008)
Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m)		3.001 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%)		0.2% (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS		270,000 (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths		8,700 (2007 est.)
Major infectious diseases		degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Literacy(%)		definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 90.4% male: 94% female: 86.8% (2004 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years)		total: 11 years male: 12 years female: 11 years (2005)
Education expenditures(% of GDP)		3.6% of GDP (2006)