Indonesia-Other Minerals
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Background | | The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. Indonesia's first free parliamentary election after decades of repressive rule took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third-largest democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for past human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling avian influenza. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face a low intensity separatist movement in Papua.
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Location | | Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
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Area(sq km) | | total: 1,904,569 sq km
land: 1,811,569 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
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Geographic coordinates | | 5 00 S, 120 00 E
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Land boundaries(km) | | total: 2,830 km
border countries: Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
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Coastline(km) | | 54,716 km
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Climate | | tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
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Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
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Natural resources | | petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
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Land use(%) | | arable land: 11.03%
permanent crops: 7.04%
other: 81.93% (2005)
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Irrigated land(sq km) | | 45,000 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 2,838 cu km (1999)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%)
per capita: 372 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards | | occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires
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Environment - current issues | | deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
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Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
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Geography - note | | archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
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Population | | 240,271,522 (July 2009 est.)
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Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 28.1% (male 34,337,341/female 33,162,207)
15-64 years: 66% (male 79,549,569/female 78,918,321)
65 years and over: 6% (male 6,335,208/female 7,968,876) (2009 est.)
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Median age(years) | | total: 27.6 years
male: 27.1 years
female: 28.1 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate(%) | | 1.136% (2009 est.)
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Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 18.84 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 6.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
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Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 52% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 3.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 29.97 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 34.93 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 24.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 70.76 years
male: 68.26 years
female: 73.38 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 2.31 children born/woman (2009 est.)
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Nationality | | noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
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Ethnic groups(%) | | Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)
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Religions(%) | | Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)
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Languages(%) | | Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)
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Country name | | conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies
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Government type | | republic
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Capital | | name: Jakarta
geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones
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Administrative divisions | | 30 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Papua Barat, Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*
note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, the 465 regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services
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Constitution | | August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002
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Legal system | | based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage | | 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age
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Executive branch | | chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president are elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%
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Legislative branch | | People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house, consists of members of DPR and DPD, has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution, does not formulate national policy; House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms), formulates and passes legislation at the national level; House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions
elections: last held 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
election results: percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17
note: 29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the vote so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties
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Judicial branch | | Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung is the final court of appeal but does not have the power of judicial review (justices are appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the legislature); in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested by the president on 16 August 2003) has the power of judicial review, jurisdiction over the results of a general election, and reviews actions to dismiss a president from office; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006; the Anti-Corruption Court has jurisdiction over corruption cases brought by the independent Corruption Eradication Commission
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Political pressure groups and leaders | | Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS; Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW; Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI; Islamic Defenders Front or FPI; People's Democracy Fortress or Bendera
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International organization participation | | ADB, APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Flag description | | two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
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Economy - overview | | Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has made significant economic advances under the administration of President YUDHOYONO but faces challenges stemming from the global financial crisis and world economic downturn. Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio in recent years has declined steadily because of increasingly robust GDP growth and sound fiscal stewardship. The government has introduced significant reforms in the financial sector, including in the areas of tax and customs, the use of Treasury bills, and capital market supervision. Indonesia's investment law, passed in March 2007, seeks to address some of the concerns of foreign and domestic investors. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. The non-bank financial sector, including pension funds and insurance, remains weak. Despite efforts to broaden and deepen capital markets, they remain underdeveloped. Economic difficulties in early 2008 centered on high global food and oil prices and their impact on Indonesia's poor and on the budget. The onset of the global financial crisis dampened inflationary pressures, but increased risk aversion for emerging market assets resulted in large losses in the stock market, significant depreciation of the rupiah, and a difficult environment for bond issuance. As global demand has slowed and prices for Indonesia's commodity exports have fallen, Indonesia faces the prospect of growth significantly below the 6-plus percent recorded in 2007 and 2008.
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GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $916.7 billion (2008 est.)
$864 billion (2007 est.)
$812.8 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate) | | $511.8 billion (2008 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 6.1% (2008 est.)
6.3% (2007 est.)
5.5% (2006 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $3,900 (2008 est.)
$3,700 (2007 est.)
$3,500 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 14.4%
industry: 48.1%
services: 37.5% (2008 est.)
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Labor force | | 112 million (2008 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 42.1%
industry: 18.6%
services: 39.3% (2006 est.)
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Unemployment rate(%) | | 8.4% (2008 est.)
9.1% (2007 est.)
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Population below poverty line(%) | | 17.8% (2006)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 32.3% (2006)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index | | 39.4 (2005)
37 (2001)
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Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 23.6% of GDP (2008)
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Budget | | revenues: $92.62 billion
expenditures: $98.88 billion (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 9.9% (2008 est.)
6.3% (2007 est.)
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Stock of money | | $41.71 billion (31 December 2008)
$47.78 billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of quasi money | | $131.5 billion (31 December 2008)
$127 billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of domestic credit | | $166.2 billion (31 December 2008)
$170.2 billion (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares | | $98.76 billion (31 December 2008)
$211.7 billion (31 December 2007)
$138.9 billion (31 December 2006)
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Economic aid - recipient | | ODA, $2.524 billion (2006 est.)
note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in official foreign debt (about 25% of GDP), with Japan ($25 billion), the World Bank ($8.5 billion) and the Asian Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as the largest creditors; about $6 billion in grant assistance was pledged to rebuild Aceh after the December 2004 tsunami; President YUDHOYONO disbanded the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) donor forum in January 2007
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Public debt(% of GDP) | | 29.3% of GDP (2008 est.)
56.2% of GDP (2004 est.)
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Agriculture - products | | rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs
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Industries | | petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism
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Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 3.7% (2008 est.)
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Current account balance | | $604 million (2008 est.)
$10.49 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports | | $139.3 billion (2008 est.)
$118 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports - commodities(%) | | oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber
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Exports - partners(%) | | Japan 20.2%, US 9.5%, Singapore 9.4%, China 8.5%, South Korea 6.7%, India 5.2%, Malaysia 4.7% (2008)
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Imports | | $116 billion (2008 est.)
$85.26 billion (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
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Imports - partners(%) | | Singapore 16.9%, China 11.8%, Japan 11.7%, Malaysia 6.9%, US 6.1%, South Korea 5.4%, Thailand 4.9% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $51.64 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$56.92 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Debt - external | | $155.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$141.2 billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $67.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$58.96 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $6.656 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$9.225 billion (2006 est.)
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Exchange rates | | Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,698.9 (2008), 9,143 (2007), 9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004)
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Currency (code) | | Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
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Telephones - main lines in use | | 30.378 million (2008)
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Telephones - mobile cellular | | 140.578 million (2008)
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Telephone system | | general assessment: domestic service fair, international service good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system; coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile cellular subscribership growing rapidly
international: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
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Internet country code | | .id
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Internet users | | 30 million (2008)
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Airports | | 683 (2009)
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Pipelines(km) | | condensate 735 km; condensate/gas 73 km; gas 5,797 km; oil 5,721 km; oil/gas/water 12 km; refined products 1,370 km; water 44 km (2008)
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Roadways(km) | | total: 391,009 km
paved: 216,714 km
unpaved: 174,295 km (2005)
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Ports and terminals | | Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok
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Military branches | | Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines, naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2009)
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Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2008)
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Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 63,800,825
females age 16-49: 61,729,717 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 52,997,922
females age 16-49: 52,503,046 (2009 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 2,197,323
female: 2,126,412 (2009 est.)
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Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 3% of GDP (2005 est.)
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Disputes - international | | Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; Timor-Leste-Indonesia Boundary Committee has resolved all but a small portion of the land boundary, but discussions on maritime boundaries are stalemated over sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai in the north and alignment with Australian claims in the south; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches
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Refugees and internally displaced persons | | IDPs: 200,000-350,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2007)
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Electricity - production(kWh) | | 134.4 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 86.9%
hydro: 10.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 2.6% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 119.3 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 1.051 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 1.564 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 85,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 671,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 3.99 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 70 billion cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 36.5 billion cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 33.5 billion cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 3.001 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 0.2% (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 270,000 (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths | | 8,700 (2007 est.)
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Major infectious diseases | | degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
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Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.4%
male: 94%
female: 86.8% (2004 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 11 years
male: 12 years
female: 11 years (2005)
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Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 3.6% of GDP (2006)
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