The Protestant Reformation that Martin Luther initiated
in
Germany in 1517 spread quickly to other countries. German
merchants, students, and missionaries soon brought
Lutheran
doctrines to Scandinavia, where for centuries German
influence
had been strong, and where, moreover, there was some
receptivity
to the new doctrines. By the time Luther died in 1546,
Lutheranism was firmly implanted in the Scandinavian
countries.
Sweden-Finland converted to Lutheranism largely through
the
efforts of Gustav I Vasa, who acted mainly for political
reasons,
especially in order to strengthen the monarchy. The
decisive
break with Rome took place in 1527 at the Riksdag held at
VasterAs. This acceptance of Lutheranism enabled Gustav I
Vasa,
with the help of the aristocracy, to break the political
power of
the Roman Catholic Church, which had stood in the way of
his
desire for a stronger centralized state. The confiscation
of
Church properties that accompanied the Reformation also
provided
an enormous economic windfall for both the aristocracy and
the
monarchy. Before the Reformation, the Church had owned
about onefifth of the land in Sweden.
In Finland there was little popular demand for the
Reformation because more than 90 percent of the homesteads
were
owned by the farmers, and the Church, which owned less
than 10
percent, used most of its income to support schools and
charities. Lutheranism was instituted without serious
opposition,
nevertheless. In part, this was attributable to the
gradual and
cautious manner in which Lutherans replaced Roman Catholic
doctrines while retaining many Catholic customs and
practices.
The Lutheran Church was not firmly established finally
until
1598, when the last Catholic king of Sweden-Finland,
Sigismund,
was driven from the throne.
The outstanding ecclesiastical figure of the
Reformation in
Finland was Mikael Agricola (1506-1557), who exerted a
great
influence on the subsequent development of the country.
Agricola
had studied under Luther at Wittenberg, and, recognizing
the
centrality of the Bible in the Reformation, he undertook
to
translate the Bible into Finnish. Agricola's translation
of the
New Testament was published in 1548. He wrote other
religious
works and translated parts of the Old Testament as well.
Because
Finnish had not appeared previously in print, Agricola is
regarded as the father of the Finnish literary language.
After
1554 he served as the bishop of Turku, the highest office
of the
Finnish church.
The Reformation brought two educational benefits to
Finland.
Its emphasis on religious instruction in the vernacular
languages
supported an increase in literacy, especially after the
Ecclesiastical Law of 1686 had confirmed royal control
over the
Lutheran Church of Sweden-Finland and had charged it with
teaching the catechism to each church member. Another
benefit of
the Reformation was the founding of Abo Academy in 1640 to
provide theological training for Finnish clergymen. Abo
Academy
was the precursor of the University of Helsinki, which
later
became the center of higher education in Finland and the
focus of
Finland's cultural life.
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Background | | Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It won its complete independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and resist invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the European Union since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999.
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Location | | Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia
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|
Area(sq km) | | total: 338,145 sq km
land: 303,815 sq km
water: 34,330 sq km
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|
Geographic coordinates | | 64 00 N, 26 00 E
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Land boundaries(km) | | total: 2,654 km
border countries: Norway 727 km, Sweden 614 km, Russia 1,313 km
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Coastline(km) | | 1,250 km
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Climate | | cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
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Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Haltiatunturi 1,328 m
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Natural resources | | timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone
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|
Land use(%) | | arable land: 6.54%
permanent crops: 0.02%
other: 93.44% (2005)
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Irrigated land(sq km) | | 640 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 110 cu km (2005)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 2.33 cu km/yr (14%/84%/3%)
per capita: 444 cu m/yr (1999)
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Natural hazards | | NA
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Environment - current issues | | air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
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Environment - international agreements | | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note | | long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain
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Population | | 5,250,275 (July 2009 est.)
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Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 16.4% (male 438,425/female 422,777)
15-64 years: 66.8% (male 1,773,495/female 1,732,792)
65 years and over: 16.8% (male 357,811/female 524,975) (2009 est.)
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Median age(years) | | total: 42.1 years
male: 40.5 years
female: 43.7 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate(%) | | 0.098% (2009 est.)
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Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 10.38 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 10.07 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
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Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | 0.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 63% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 0.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 3.47 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 3.78 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 78.97 years
male: 75.48 years
female: 82.61 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 1.73 children born/woman (2009 est.)
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Nationality | | noun: Finn(s)
adjective: Finnish
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Ethnic groups(%) | | Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)
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Religions(%) | | Lutheran Church of Finland 82.5%, Orthodox Church 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%, none 15.1% (2006)
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Languages(%) | | Finnish 91.2% (official), Swedish 5.5% (official), other 3.3% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2007)
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Country name | | conventional long form: Republic of Finland
conventional short form: Finland
local long form: Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland
local short form: Suomi/Finland
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Government type | | republic
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Capital | | name: Helsinki
geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
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Administrative divisions | | 6 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Ahvenanmaan Laani (Aland), Etela-Suomen Laani (Southern Finland), Ita-Suomen Laani (Eastern Finland), Lansi-Suomen Laani (Western Finland), Lapin Laani (Lapland), Oulun Laani
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Constitution | | 1-Mar-00
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Legal system | | civil law system based on Swedish law; the president may request the Supreme Court to review laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
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Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch | | chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (since 24 June 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Jyrki KATAINEN (since 19 April 2007)
cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 15 January 2006 (next to be held in January 2012); the president appoints the prime minister and deputy prime minister from the majority party or the majority coalition after parliamentary elections and the parliament must approve the appointment; Prime Minister VANHANEN reelected 17 April 2007
election results: percent of vote - Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 46.3%, Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 24.1%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 18.6%, Heidi HAUTALA (VIHR) 3.5%; a runoff election between HALONEN and NIINISTO was held 29 January 2006 - HALONEN 51.8%, NIINISTO 48.2%; Matti VANHANEN reelected prime minister; election results 121-71
note: government coalition - Kesk, KOK, VIHR, and SFP
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Legislative branch | | unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 18 March 2007 (next to be held March 2011)
election results: percent of vote by party - Kesk 23.1%, Kok 22.3%, SDP 21.4%, VAS 8.8%, VIHR 8.5%, KD 4.9%, SFP 4.5%, True Finns 4.1%, other 3.4%; seats by party - Kesk 51, Kok 50, SDP 45, VAS 17, VIHR 15, SFP 9, KD 7, True Finns 5, other 1
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Judicial branch | | Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the president)
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International organization participation | | ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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Flag description | | white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter
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Economy - overview | | Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita output roughly that of the UK, France, Germany, and Italy. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Trade is important; Finland's ratio of exports to GDP has risen from a quarter to 37% over the past 15 years. Finland excels in high-tech exports such as mobile phones. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. Although Finland has been one of the best performing economies within the EU in recent years and its banks and financial markets have avoided the worst of global financial crisis, the world slowdown has hit export growth and domestic demand and will serve as a brake on economic growth in 2009 and 2010. The slowdown of construction, other investment, and exports will cause unemployment to rise. During 2009, unemployment will climb to over 8% of the labor force. Long-term challenges include the need to address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth.
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GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $194 billion (2008 est.)
$192.4 billion (2007 est.)
$184.8 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate) | | $271.9 billion (2008 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 0.8% (2008 est.)
4.1% (2007 est.)
4.9% (2006 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $37,000 (2008 est.)
$36,700 (2007 est.)
$35,300 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 2.8%
industry: 32.4%
services: 64.9% (2008 est.)
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Labor force | | 2.703 million (2008 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture and forestry 4.5%, industry 18.3%, construction 7.3%, commerce 16%, finance, insurance, and business services 14.5%, transport and communications 7%, public services 32.4% (2008)
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Unemployment rate(%) | | 6.4% (2008 est.)
6.9% (2007 est.)
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Population below poverty line(%) | | NA%
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Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 24.7% (2007)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index | | 29.5 (2007)
25.6 (1991)
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Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 20.6% of GDP (2008 est.)
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Budget | | revenues: $143.8 billion
expenditures: $132.3 billion (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 4.1% (2008 est.)
2.5% (2007 est.)
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Stock of money | | $NA (31December 2008)
$NA (31 December 2007)
note: see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 16 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money and quasi money circulating within their own borders
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Stock of quasi money | | $NA (31 December 2008)
$NA (31 December 2007)
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Stock of domestic credit | | $241.1 billion (31 December 2008)
$225.4 billion (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares | | $NA (31 December 2008)
$369.2 billion (31 December 2007)
$265.5 billion (31 December 2006)
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Public debt(% of GDP) | | 33.7% of GDP (2008 est.)
46.8% of GDP (2004 est.)
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Agriculture - products | | barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish
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Industries | | metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing
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Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 0.4% (2008 est.)
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Current account balance | | $5.518 billion (2008 est.)
$10.12 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports | | $96.62 billion (2008 est.)
$90.2 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports - commodities(%) | | electrical and optical equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals, basic metals; timber
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Exports - partners(%) | | Russia 11.6%, Sweden 10%, Germany 10%, US 6.4%, UK 5.5%, Netherlands 5.1% (2008)
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Imports | | $87.51 billion (2008 est.)
$78.22 billion (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities(%) | | foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, grains
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Imports - partners(%) | | Russia 16.3%, Germany 15.7%, Sweden 13.6%, Netherlands 6.3%, China 5.1%, UK 4.2% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $8.346 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$8.385 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Debt - external | | $339.5 billion (31 December 2008)
$314.1 billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $84.44 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$88.69 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $116 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$114.2 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Exchange rates | | euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
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Currency (code) | | euro (EUR)
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Telephones - main lines in use | | 1.65 million (2008)
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Telephones - mobile cellular | | 6.83 million (2008)
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Telephone system | | general assessment: modern system with excellent service
domestic: digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive cellular network provide domestic needs
international: country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)
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Internet country code | | .fi; note - Aland Islands assigned .ax
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Internet users | | 4.383 million (2008)
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Airports | | 148 (2009)
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Pipelines(km) | | gas 694 km (2008)
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Roadways(km) | | total: 78,141 km
paved: 50,914 km (includes 700 km of expressways)
unpaved: 27,227 km (2009)
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Ports and terminals | | Hamina, Helsinki, Kokkola, Kotka, Naantali, Pori, Raahe, Rauma, Turku
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Military branches | | Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army, Navy (includes Coastal Defense Forces), Air Force (Suomen Ilmavoimat) (2007)
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Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 18 years of age for male voluntary and compulsory - and female voluntary - national military and nonmilitary service; service obligation 6-12 months; mandatory retirement at age 60 (2008)
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Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,169,910
females age 16-49: 1,121,187 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 962,479
females age 16-49: 920,297 (2009 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 33,784
female: 32,621 (2009 est.)
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Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 2% of GDP (2005 est.)
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Disputes - international | | various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands
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Electricity - production(kWh) | | 77.24 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 39%
hydro: 18.7%
nuclear: 30.4%
other: 11.8% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 86.9 billion kWh (2008)
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Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 3.335 billion kWh (2008 est.)
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Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 16.11 billion kWh (2008 est.)
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Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 9,789 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
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Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 215,600 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
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Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 133,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
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Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 347,400 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Economic aid - donor | | ODA, $1.023 billion (2007)
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Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 0 bbl
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Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 4.735 billion cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 2,400 (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths | | fewer than 100 (2003 est.)
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Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (2000 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 17 years
male: 17 years
female: 18 years (2006)
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Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 6.4% of GDP (2005)
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