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Chile
Index
From 1982 to 1990, Chile underwent a prolonged journey
back to
democracy. During that process, the country experienced
five
crucial changes. First, the economic collapse in 1982
provoked some
adjustments to the neoliberal model and sparked widespread
protests
against the regime. That recession was compounded by the
international debt crisis.
Second, although most of the regime's supporters in the
business community and the armed forces held fast, the
1980s
witnessed a weakening of their attachment to
authoritarianism and
a few defections from their ranks. Third, civil society
became
emboldened. A series of demonstrations against Pinochet
during
1983-85 spread from organized labor to the middle class
and finally
ended up concentrated among the residents of the urban
shantytowns.
Fourth, the previously repressed and dormant political
parties came
back to life. They took charge during the 1988 plebiscite
that
effectively ended the Pinochet regime and the subsequent
1989
elections for president and Congress. Fifth, after being
surrounded
by like-minded dictators in South America, Pinochet became
isolated
as a tide of democratization swept the continent, and the
United
States and Europe began applying pressure for Chile to
join the
trend.
In sum, from its apogee in the 1980 plebiscite to its
exit in
1990, the authoritarian regime lost support and saw its
opponents
gain momentum and eventually power. During its first
decade,
however, the dictatorship had brought about profound and
seemingly
durable changes. Politically, it had pulverized the
revolutionary
Marxist left. Economically, it had moved Chile's focus
from the
state to the market. Socially, it had fostered a new
emphasis on
individualism and consumerism, widening the gap between
rich and
poor, even while helping some of the most destitute. What
it had
failed to do was to extirpate the preference of most
Chileans for
democracy.
* * *
Among works in English, an outstanding general history
is Brian
Loveman's Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism.
For the
colonial period, Eugene H. Korth provides a useful
introduction in
Spanish Policy in Colonial Chile. The subsequent
Bourbon
years are covered by Jacques A. Barbier in Reform and
Politics
in Bourbon Chile, 1755-1796.
For the nineteenth century, the work to begin with is
Simon
Collier's Ideas and Politics of Chilean
Independence. The
development of the system of land tenure is examined by
Arnold J.
Bauer in Chilean Rural Society from the Spanish
Conquest to
1930. The country's external relations are analyzed by
Robert
N. Burr in By Reason or Force. Works covering the
nitrate
era and the Balmaceda controversy include Thomas F.
O'Brien's
The Nitrate Industry and Chile's Crucial Transition,
1870-1891; Michael Monteón's Chile in the Nitrate
Era;
Maurice Zeitlin's The Civil Wars in Chile, 1851 and
1859;
and Harold Blakemore's British Nitrates and Chilean
Politics,
1886-1896.
Chilean relations with the United States can be
surveyed in
Fredrick B. Pike's Chile and the United States,
1880-1962
and in William F. Sater's Chile and the United
States.
General coverage of the economy is found in Markos J.
Mamalakis's
The Growth and Structure of the Chilean Economy. A
classic
work on the copper industry is Theodore H. Moran's
Multinational
Corporations and the Politics of Dependence. The
development of
organized labor is explained in Peter de Shazo's Urban
Workers
and Labor Unions in Chile, 1902-1927 and in Alan
Angell's
Politics and the Labour Movement in Chile. On rural
conflicts, valuable sources include Brian Loveman's
Struggle in
the Countryside and Thomas C. Wright's Landowners
and Reform
in Chile. Concerning the role of the Catholic Church,
the key
source is Brian H. Smith's The Church and Politics in
Chile.
The armed forces are covered in Frederick M. Nunn's The
Military
in Chilean History.
The evolution of the political system is discussed by
Timothy
R. Scully in Rethinking the Center. Political
developments
leading up to the tragedy under Allende are traced by Paul
W. Drake
in Socialism and Populism in Chile, 1932-52, by
Federico G.
Gil in The Political System of Chile, and by James
F. Petras
in Politics and Social Forces in Chilean
Development.
The two most controversial governments in Chilean
history have
generated a voluminous literature. On the Allende
experiment, the
best books to start with are Stefan de Vylder's
Allende's
Chile; Edy Kaufman's Crisis in Allende's Chile;
Ian
Roxborough, Philip O'Brien, and Jackie Roddick's Chile:
The
State and Revolution; Paul E. Sigmund's The
Overthrow of
Allende and the Politics of Chile, 1964-1976; Barbara
Stallings's Class Conflict and Economic Development in
Chile,
1958-1973; Arturo Valenzuela's The Breakdown of
Democratic
Regimes: Chile; and Peter Winn's Weavers of
Revolution.
The first half of the Pinochet period is dissected by
J. Samuel
Valenzuela and Arturo Valenzuela in Military Rule in
Chile,
the second half by Paul W. Drake and Iván Jaksic in
The Struggle
for Democracy in Chile, 1982-1990, and the entire
seventeen
years by Pamela Constable and Arturo Valenzuela in A
Nation of
Enemies. Analyses of the dictatorship's economic
innovations
are provided in Sebastian Edwards and Alejandra Cox
Edwards's
Monetarism and Liberalization and in Alejandro
Foxley
Riesco's Latin American Experiments in Neoconservative
Economics. (For further information and complete
citations,
see
Bibliography.)
Data as of March 1994
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