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Chad
Index
Figure 9. Organization of the Military Establishment, Late 1985
As of mid-1987, FANT had a manpower strength of 28,000,
exclusive of the Presidential Guard. At the time of its
official
establishment in 1983, FANT consisted primarily of FAN
troops, the
well-disciplined and hardened combat veterans who had been
the
original followers of Habré. FANT gradually expanded,
recruiting
members of the former national army, FAT, who were
predominantly
southerners of the Sara ethnic group. Later, additional
southerners, the commandos or codos who had opened
a
guerrilla campaign against the government in 1983, were
won over
after two and one-half years of negotiations. Assigned to
rehabilitation camps for retraining, the physically fit
among them
were also inducted into FANT. Finally, in the latter half
of 1986,
after FAP, the largest component of Goukouni's northern
rebel army,
had revolted against its Libyan ally, FAP soldiers were
merged into
FANT to join the campaign against the Libyan bases in Chad
(see Appendix B).
Under Chadian law, both men and women reaching the age
of
twenty-one were obligated for one year of military or
civic
service. There was no systematic conscription system;
young men
were simply rounded up periodically in their communities
and
required to serve in the army for longer or shorter
periods as
military needs dictated. According to one source, very few
members
of FANT were conscripts in 1987. Women served in the
military, but
their exact duties were unknown.
The Chadian army has never been organized at higher
than
battalion level. As of 1987, four battalions had been
established
within FANT. Sometimes known as "commando battalions,"
they were
far smaller than standard battalions, with no more than
400
soldiers in each. Two of the battalions had completed
training in
Zaire, and the training of a third was underway. The
fourth
battalion existed mainly on paper; the companies assigned
to it
were still operating independently.
The bulk of the remainder of FANT consisted of 127
infantry
companies. Each company had a nominal strength of about
150 men but
in many cases as few as 100 because of casualties and
other forms
of attrition. The organizational pattern was flexible; a
new
company could be formed as needed by detaching troops from
existing
units and then might be dismantled after the operational
need had
ended. Moreover, a force of wheeled armored vehicles was
organized
separately into armored squadrons, each ordinarily
supplied with
ten or eleven vehicles along with truck-mounted recoilless
rifles
and antitank missiles, and subdivided in up to four
armored
sections. The armored squadrons could be detailed as
needed to
operate in conjunction with infantry companies.
FANT had no separate elements dedicated to airborne
operations.
Soldiers trained as paratroopers, however, were scattered
throughout FANT and the Presidential Guard after they had
received
instruction from the French teams that visited Chad and
other
French-speaking African states annually for this purpose.
Because of the chaotic conditions and the severe
financial
constraints on the government, systematic promotions in
the officer
corps had been suspended in the 1970s. As a result, many
officers
with senior responsibilities were lieutenants or captains,
or they
held no formal military rank at all. Officers of Habré's
original
FAN were known simply as camarade (comrade), and
many, like
the commander in chief, Djamouss, continued to be
addressed in this
way. Trusted associates of Habré were sometimes detached
from
civilian posts and given temporary military commands.
Those officers of the former national army, FAT, who
rallied to
FANT were guaranteed retention of their former ranks, but
not
positions of equivalent responsibility. Accordingly, a
major or
colonel sometimes served under a lieutenant or captain. On
occasion, an officer selected for training abroad might be
granted
the rank appropriate for the program to which he had been
nominated, in effect resulting in his promotion. Thus,
Idris Deby,
the former commander in chief of FANT, was promoted to
lieutenant
colonel in conjunction with his attendance at the French
war
college. With the exception of two generals no longer
holding
active commands in 1988, the highest rank in FANT was that
of
colonel.
The main fighting units of FANT, a group that had
performed
superbly against the Libyans during the 1987 offensive,
were young
but toughened by several years of harsh desert warfare.
Their
tactics of rapid movement and sudden sweeps upon an
unsuspecting
enemy were reminiscent of their nomadic warrior forebears.
Decentralized decision making reportedly permitted field
commanders
to mount major attacks on their own initiative. Limited by
poor
communications, these commanders, in turn, sometimes
described only
general objectives in advance of an attack and depended on
individual unit leaders to coordinate blows of devastating
surprise
and firepower.
Foreign military observers were impressed by FANT's
fighting
style and rated it highly for esprit and combativeness.
Nevertheless, the discipline and orderliness of a
traditional army
were not greatly in evidence. Except for members of the
Presidential Guard, who favored the desert camouflage
uniform of
the United States Army if it were available, the troops
did not
wear a standard uniform. Personal gear sometimes consisted
merely
of a prayer rug--which also served as a sleeping pad--and
a
sheepskin for warmth. Shower clogs were considered
adequate
footgear, nor were the rations what one might expect in a
regular
army. Individual combat rations were often no more than
green tea,
dried dates, and hard biscuits. Occasionally, meat from a
slaughtered sheep or camel would be available. A FANT
veteran could
survive desert heat on as little as one liter of water a
day.
Unreliable payment of wages was a persistent problem
for FANT
troops. The bitterness in the south against the central
government,
which had resulted in outbreaks of violence between 1983
and 1985,
was caused in part by confiscations of food and personal
property
by unpaid FANT troops. As of 1983, it was reported that
FANT
soldiers were paid the equivalent of US$140 for each major
battle,
although those qualified to fire large-caliber weapons and
missiles
could earn much more. By 1986 a system of monthly payments
was in
effect, but, owing to the government's financial distress,
both
soldiers and civil servants were on half pay. In practice,
only the
Presidential Guard received its wages in full and on a
timely
basis. The salary of an NCO in the Presidential Guard was
about
US$70 a month; officers could earn up to US$150. In FANT,
the
officer's basic salary of about US$70 a month was likely
to be
augmented by supplemental allowances based on the position
being
filled. Djamouss, the highest paid officer in FANT, earned
about
US$1,000 a month, plus the use of an automobile and a
house and
other privileges.
Although the military victories of 1987 had imparted a
sense of
national pride and unity to FANT that had not existed
previously,
the dependability of the troops newly recruited from other
armed
factions had not yet been fully demonstrated. In early
1988, longstanding animosities and ethnic rivalries remained, and
morale
among ordinary soldiers was believed to be no better than
fair.
Rates of desertion and absence without leave were high,
although
not yet serious enough to affect the army's performance.
Nevertheless, in spite of its austerity, military life
provided
food, clothing, and minimal cash compensation. For many
recruits,
these modest benefits compared favorably with the
impoverished
conditions they faced when they returned to civilian
existence.
Data as of December 1988
- Chad-Southern Dominance, 1960-1978
- Chad-Islam in Chad
- Chad-Constitutional System STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
- Chad-Central Saharan Languages
- Chad-HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES
- Chad-Defense Expenditures
- Chad-Production Factors
- Chad-LANGUAGES AND ETHNIC GROUPS
- Chad-Equipment
- Chad-Judicial System
- Chad-INTRODUCTION
- Chad-President
- Chad-Direction of Trade
- Chad-Boua
- Chad-Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
- Chad-FOREIGN MILITARY COOPERATION
- Chad-Protestantism in Chad
- Chad-Regional Government
- Chad-Banking and Finance
- Chad-ECONOMY
- Chad-Manufacturing MANUFACTURING, MINING, AND UTILITIES
- Chad-NATIONAL SECURITY
- Chad-Government Finances
- Chad-The French Military Role in Chad
- Chad -COUNTRY PROFILE
- Chad-TOMBALBAYE ERA, 1960-75
- Chad-Secondary Education
- Chad-Arabs: Semisedentary Peoples of the Sahel
- Chad-Relations with Nigeria and Sudan
- Chad-ERA OF EMPIRES, A.D - 900-1900
- Chad-Internal Security Conditions
- Chad-Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
- Chad-CHAD
- Chad-Repelling Libya's Occupying Force, 1985-87
- Chad-Classical African Religions
- Chad-Chapter 3 - The Economy
- Chad-ARRIVAL OF THE FRENCH AND COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
- Chad-Relations with Other African States
- Chad-SOCIETY
- Chad-Roman Catholicism in Chad
- Chad-Primary Education
- Chad-PREHISTORY
- Chad-Exports
- Chad-Police Services
- Chad-Civil War and Multilateral Mediation, 1979-82
- Chad-Organization of the National Security Establishment
- Chad-National Debt THE NATIONAL DEBT AND FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
- Chad-Relations with France
- Chad-Congo-Kordofanian Languages
- Chad-Subsistence Farming
- Chad-The Air Force
- Chad-Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
- Chad-Nilo-Saharan Languages
- Chad-Land Transport
- Chad-TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
- Chad-GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
- Chad-United States Military Aid
- Chad-Balance of Payments BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND FINANCE
- Chad-GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
- Chad-Council of Ministers
- Chad-Foreign Assistance
- Chad-Administrative Structure
- Chad-Wheat
- Chad-Air Transport
- Chad-ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- Chad-Forestry
- Chad-Factionalism POLITICAL DYNAMICS
- Chad-Rice and Corn
- Chad-The Land
- Chad-Sahelian Region
- Chad-Communications
- Chad-Restructuring the System
- Chad-Training
- Chad-Vocational Education
- Chad-Chapter 5 - National Security
- Chad-Cotton
- Chad-The Chadian National Armed Forces
- Chad-Fall of the Tombalbaye Government
- Chad-Fulani
- Chad-Mass Media
- Chad-Mabang Languages
- Chad-RELIGION
- Chad
- Chad-INTERNAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
- Chad-The FROLINAT Rebellion, 1965-79
- Chad-POPULATION
- Chad-Relations with Libya
- Chad
- Chad-National Union for Independence and Revolution
- Chad
- Chad-Relations with Arab States
- Chad-Sara: Sedentary Peoples of the Soudanian Zone
- Chad-AGRICULTURE
- Chad
- Chad-Tombalbaye's Governance: Policies and Methods
- Chad-Sara-Bongo-Baguirmi Languages
- Chad-Soudanian Region
- Chad-Rebellion in Eastern and Northern Chad
- Chad-THE ARMED FORCES
- Chad-Mining
- Chad-PREFACE
- Chad-SOCIAL STRUCTURE
- Chad-Saharan Region
- Chad
- Chad-Relations with the United States
- Chad-Fishing
- Chad-Kanem-Borno
- Chad-Afro-Asiatic Languages
- Chad-Toubou and Daza: Nomads of the Sahara
- Chad
- Chad-PHYSICAL SETTING
- Chad-Christianity
- Chad-Sorghum and Millet
- Chad-FOREIGN RELATIONS
- Chad-Pricing Mechanisms
- Chad
- Chad-DECOLONIZATION POLITICS
- Chad-Tubers
- Chad-Water Systems
- Chad-Political Style
- Chad-Peanuts
- Chad-TRADE AND COMMERCE
- Chad-Imports
- Chad-The Criminal Justice System
- Chad-Ouaddaïan Languages
- Chad-CIVIL CONFLICT AND LIBYAN INTERVENTION
- Chad-Origins and Early Development
- Chad-Banda-Ngbaka
- Chad-TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
- Chad-GEOGRAPHY
- Chad
- Chad-ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
- Chad-Preindependence Factions POLITICAL BACKGROUND
- Chad-Higher Education
- Chad-Malloum's Military Government, 1975-78 CIVIL WAR AND NORTHERN DOMINANCE, 1975-82
- Chad-Livestock
- Chad-Arabic
- Chad-Water and Electricity
- Chad
Background | | Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution, and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and the rebels. In 2005, new rebel groups emerged in western Sudan and made probing attacks into eastern Chad, despite signing peace agreements in December 2006 and October 2007. Power remains in the hands of an ethnic minority. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007, and the capital experienced a significant rebel threat in early 2008.
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Location | | Central Africa, south of Libya
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Area(sq km) | | total: 1.284 million sq km land: 1,259,200 sq km water: 24,800 sq km
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Geographic coordinates | | 15 00 N, 19 00 E
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Land boundaries(km) | | total: 5,968 km border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
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Coastline(km) | | 0 km (landlocked)
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Climate | | tropical in south, desert in north
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Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m
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Natural resources | | petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt
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Land use(%) | | arable land: 2.8% permanent crops: 0.02% other: 97.18% (2005)
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Irrigated land(sq km) | | 300 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 43 cu km (1987)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 0.23 cu km/yr (17%/0%/83%) per capita: 24 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards | | hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues
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Environment - current issues | | inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification
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Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
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Geography - note | | landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel
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Population | | 10,329,208 (July 2009 est.)
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Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 46.7% (male 2,445,841/female 2,381,319) 15-64 years: 50.4% (male 2,386,428/female 2,816,050) 65 years and over: 2.9% (male 126,351/female 173,219) (2009 est.)
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Median age(years) | | total: 16.5 years male: 15.3 years female: 17.7 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate(%) | | 2.069% (2009 est.)
|
Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 40.86 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 16.09 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
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Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -4.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 27% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 4.7% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 98.69 deaths/1,000 live births male: 104.72 deaths/1,000 live births female: 92.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 47.7 years male: 46.67 years female: 48.77 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 5.31 children born/woman (2009 est.)
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Nationality | | noun: Chadian(s) adjective: Chadian
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Ethnic groups(%) | | Sara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%, Ouaddai 8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%, Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha 4.7%, other 6.4%, unknown 0.3% (1993 census)
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Religions(%) | | Muslim 53.1%, Catholic 20.1%, Protestant 14.2%, animist 7.3%, other 0.5%, unknown 1.7%, atheist 3.1% (1993 census)
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Languages(%) | | French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
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Country name | | conventional long form: Republic of Chad conventional short form: Chad local long form: Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad local short form: Tchad/Tshad
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Government type | | republic
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Capital | | name: N'Djamena geographic coordinates: 12 06 N, 15 02 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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Administrative divisions | | 18 regions (regions, singular - region); Batha, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile, Ville de N'Djamena, Wadi Fira
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Constitution | | passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum removed constitutional term limits
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Legal system | | based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch | | chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno (since 4 December 1990) head of government: Prime Minister Youssof Saleh ABBAS (since 16 April 2008) cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 3 May 2006 (next to be held by May 2011); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 64.7%, Delwa Kassire KOUMAKOYE 15.1%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE 7.8%, Mahamat ABDOULAYE 7.1%, Brahim KOULAMALLAH 5.3%; note - a June 2005 national referendum altered the constitution removing presidential term limits and permitting Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno to run for reelection
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Legislative branch | | unicameral National Assembly (155 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - the 1996 constitution called for a Senate that has never been formed elections: National Assembly - last held 21 April 2002 (next to be held by 2009); note - legislative elections, originally scheduled for 2006, were first delayed by National Assembly action and subsequently by an accord, signed in August 2007, between government and opposition parties election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPS 110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, UNDR 5, URD 3, other 11
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Judicial branch | | Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts
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Political pressure groups and leaders | | rebel groups
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International organization participation | | ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Flag description | | three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red note: similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
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Economy - overview | | Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted by major foreign direct investment projects in the oil sector that began in 2000. At least 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood. Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked position, high energy costs, and a history of instability. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment projects. A consortium led by two US companies has been investing $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves - estimated at 1 billion barrels - in southern Chad. Chinese companies are also expanding exploration efforts and plan to build a refinery. The nation's total oil reserves are estimated at 1.5 billion barrels. Oil production came on stream in late 2003. Chad began to export oil in 2004. Cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings.
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GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $15.82 billion (2008 est.) $15.85 billion (2007 est.) $15.82 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate) | | $8.4 billion (2008 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate(%) | | -0.2% (2008 est.) 0.2% (2007 est.) 0.2% (2006 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $1,600 (2008 est.) $1,600 (2007 est.) $1,600 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 20.5% industry: 48% services: 31.5% (2008 est.)
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Labor force | | 4.293 million (2007)
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Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 80% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing) industry and services: 20% (2006 est.)
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Unemployment rate(%) | | NA%
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Population below poverty line(%) | | 80% (2001 est.)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
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Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 13.7% of GDP (2008 est.)
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Budget | | revenues: $2.324 billion expenditures: $1.91 billion (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 10.3% (2008 est.) 4% (2007 est.)
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Stock of money | | $NA (31 December 2008) $874.5 million (31 December 2007)
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Stock of quasi money | | $NA (31 December 2008) $55.23 million (31 December 2007)
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Stock of domestic credit | | $NA (31 December 2008) $82.81 million (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares | | $NA
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Economic aid - recipient | | ODA, $379.8 million (2005)
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Agriculture - products | | cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels
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Industries | | oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials
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Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 2% (2008 est.)
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Current account balance | | -$1.019 billion (2008 est.) -$737.8 million (2007 est.)
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Exports | | $4.342 billion (2008 est.) $3.674 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports - commodities(%) | | oil, cattle, cotton, gum arabic
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Exports - partners(%) | | US 92.8%, Japan 2.2%, France 1.5% (2008)
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Imports | | $1.927 billion (2008 est.) $1.541 billion (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles
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Imports - partners(%) | | France 17.5%, Cameroon 14.8%, China 9.8%, Ukraine 9.5%, US 7.7%, Germany 5.6%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%, Netherlands 4% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $1.347 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $964.4 million (31 December 2007 est.)
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Debt - external | | $1.6 billion (2005 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $4.5 billion (2006 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $NA
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Exchange rates | | Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 480.1 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004) note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) has been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro; Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa, even though the two currencies trade at par
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Currency (code) | | Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
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Telephones - main lines in use | | 13,000 (2008)
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Telephones - mobile cellular | | 1.809 million (2008)
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Telephone system | | general assessment: primitive system with high costs and low telephone density; fixed-line connections for only about 1 per 1000 persons coupled with mobile-cellular subscribership base of less than 20 per 100 persons domestic: fair system of radiotelephone communication stations international: country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2008)
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Internet country code | | .td
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Internet users | | 130,000 (2008)
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Airports | | 54 (2009)
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Pipelines(km) | | oil 250 km (2008)
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Roadways(km) | | total: 33,400 km paved: 267 km unpaved: 33,133 km (2002)
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Military branches | | Armed Forces: Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT), Chadian Air Force (Force Aerienne Tchadienne, FAT), Gendarmerie (2008)
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Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 20 years of age for conscripts, with 3-year service obligation; 18 years of age for volunteers; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age of 21 (2004)
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Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,906,545 females age 16-49: 2,258,758 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,103,006 females age 16-49: 1,315,620 (2009 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 121,080 female: 121,585 (2009 est.)
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Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 4.2% of GDP (2006)
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Disputes - international | | since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad; Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from cross-border banditry; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
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Refugees and internally displaced persons | | refugees (country of origin): 234,000 (Sudan); 54,200 (Central African Republic) IDPs: 178,918 (2007)
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Trafficking in persons | | current situation: Chad is a source, transit, and destination country for children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation; the majority of children are trafficked within Chad for involuntary domestic servitude, forced cattle herding, forced begging, forced labor in petty commerce or the fishing industry, or for commercial sexual exploitation; to a lesser extent, Chadian children are also trafficked to Cameroon, the Central African Republic, and Nigeria for cattle herding; children may also be trafficked from Cameroon and the Central African Republic to Chad's oil producing regions for sexual exploitation tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Chad is on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat human trafficking in 2007; Chad was destabilized during 2007 by civil conflict leading to a declared state of emergency in February 2008, and a steady influx of refugees fleeing Sudan and the Central African Republic; the government demonstrated insufficient overall efforts to combat trafficking; Chad has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)
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Electricity - production(kWh) | | 100 million kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 93 million kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 127,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 1,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 157,900 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 1,571 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 3.5% (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 200,000 (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths | | 14,000 (2007 est.)
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Major infectious diseases | | degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
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Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic total population: 25.7% male: 40.8% female: 12.8% (2000 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 6 years male: 7 years female: 4 years (2005)
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Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 1.9% of GDP (2005)
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