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Chad
Index
From 1979 to 1982, Chad experienced unprecedented
change and
spiraling violence. Southerners finally lost control of
what
remained of the Chadian government, while civil conflicts
became
significantly more internationalized. In early 1979, the
fragile
Malloum-Habré alliance collapsed after months of
aggressive actions
by Habré, including demands that more northerners be
appointed to
high government offices and that Arabic be used in place
of French
in broadcasting. Appealing for support among the large
communities
of Muslims and Arabs in N'Djamena, Habré unleashed his FAN
on
February 12. With the French garrison remaining
uninvolved, FAN
sent Malloum into retirement (under French protection) and
drove
the remnants of FAT toward the south. On February 22,
Goukouni and
FAP entered the capital. By this time, most of the city's
Sara
population had fled to the south, where attacks against
Muslims and
nonsoutherners erupted, particularly in Sarh, Moundou, and
throughout Moyen-Chari Prefecture. By mid-March more than
10,000
were said to have died as a result of violence throughout
the
south.
In early 1979, Chad became an open arena of
unrestrained
factional politics. Opportunistic power seekers sought to
gather
followers (often using sectarian appeals) and to win
support from
Chad's African neighbors. Between March 10 and August 21,
four
separate conferences took place in the Nigerian cities of
Kano and
Lagos, during which Chad's neighbors attempted to
establish a
political framework acceptable to the warring factions.
Chad's
neighbors, however, also used the meetings to pursue
interests of
their own, resulting in numerous externally generated
complications
and a growing number of factions brought into the process.
For
example, at one point, Qadhaafi became so angry with Habré
that the
Libyan sent arms to Colonel Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué's
anti-Habré
faction in the south, even though Kamougué was also
anti-Libyan. At
the second conference in Kano, both Habré and Goukouni
were placed
under what amounted to house arrest so Nigeria could
promote the
chances of a Kanembu leader, Mahmat Shawa Lol. In fact,
Nigerian
support made Lol the Chadian titular head of state for a
few weeks,
even though his Third Liberation Army was only a phantom
force, and
his domestic political support was insignificant. Within
Chad the
warring parties used the conferences and their associated
truces to
recover from one round of fighting and prepare for the
next.
The final conference culminated in the Lagos Accord of
August
21, 1979, which representatives of eleven Chadian factions
signed
and the foreign ministers of nine other African states
witnessed.
The Lagos Accord established the procedures for setting up
the
Transitional Government of National Unity (Gouvernement
d'Union
Nationale de Transition--GUNT), which was sworn into
office in
November. By mutual agreement, Goukouni was named
president,
Kamougué was appointed vice-president, and Habré was named
minister
of national defense, veterans, and war victims. The
distribution of
cabinet positions was balanced between south (eleven
portfolios),
north, center, and east (thirteen), and among protégés of
neighboring states. A peacekeeping mission of the
Organization of
African Unity (OAU), to be drawn from troops from Congo,
Guinea,
and Benin, was to replace the French. This force never
materialized
in any effective sense, but the OAU was committed to GUNT
under the
presidency of Goukouni.
GUNT, however, failed. Its major participants deeply
mistrusted
each other, and they never achieved a sense of coherence.
As a
result, the various factional militias remained armed. By
January
1980, a unit of Habré's army was attacking the forces of
one of the
constituent groups of GUNT in Ouaddaï Prefecture. Shortly
thereafter, N'Djamena plunged into another cycle of
violence, and
by the end of March 1980 Habré was openly defying the
government,
having taken control of a section of the capital. The 600
Congolese
troops of the OAU peacekeeping force remained out of the
fray, as
did the French, while units of five separate Chadian
armies prowled
the streets of N'Djamena. The battles continued throughout
the
summer, punctuated by more OAU mediation efforts and five
formal
cease-fires.
It became evident that the profound rivalry between
Goukouni
and Habré was at the core of the conflict. By mid-1980 the
south--
cut off from communication and trade with N'Djamena and
defended by
a regrouped, southern army--had become a state within a
state.
Colonel Kamougué, the strongman of the south, remained a
prudent
distance away from the capital and waited to negotiate
with
whichever northerner emerged as the winner.
In 1980 the beleaguered Goukouni turned to Libya, much
as he
had done four years earlier. With the French forces having
departed
in mid-May 1980, Goukouni signed a military cooperation
treaty with
Libya in June (without prior approval of the
all-but-defunct GUNT).
In October he requested direct military assistance from
Qadhaafi,
and by December Libyan forces had firm control of the
capital and
most other urban centers outside the south. Habré fled to
Sudan,
vowing to resume the struggle.
Although Libyan intervention enabled Goukouni to win
militarily, the association with Qadhaafi created
diplomatic
problems for GUNT. In January 1981, when Goukouni and
Qadhaafi
issued a joint communiqué stating that Chad and Libya had
agreed to
"work for the realization of complete unity between the
two
countries," an international uproar ensued. Although both
leaders
later denied any intention to merge their states
politically, the
diplomatic damage had been done.
Throughout 1981 most of the members of the OAU, along
with
France and the United States, encouraged Libyan troops to
withdraw
from Chad. One week after the "unity communiqué," the
OAU's
committee on Chad met in Togo to assess the situation. In
a
surprisingly blunt resolution, the twelve states on the
committee
denounced the union goal as a violation of the 1979 Lagos
Accord,
called for Libya to withdraw its troops, and promised to
provide a
peacekeeping unit, the Inter-African Force (IAF). Goukouni
was
skeptical of OAU promises, but in September he received a
French
pledge of support for his government and the IAF.
But as Goukouni's relations with the OAU and France
improved,
his ties with Libya deteriorated. One reason for this
deterioration
was that the economic assistance that Libya had promised
never
materialized. Another, and perhaps more significant,
factor was
that Qadhaafi was strongly suspected of helping Goukouni's
rival
within GUNT, Acyl Ahmat, leader of the Democratic
Revolutionary
Council (Conseil Démocratique Révolutionnaire--CDR). Both
Habré and
Goukouni feared Acyl because he and many of the members of
the CDR
were Arabs of the Awlad Sulayman tribe. About 150 years
earlier,
this group had migrated from Libya to Chad and thus
represented the
historical and cultural basis of Libyan claims in Chad
(see Languages and Ethnic Groups
, ch. 2).
As a consequence of the Libya-Chad rift, Goukouni asked
the
Libyan forces in late October 1981 to leave, and by
mid-November
they had complied. Their departure, however, allowed
Habré's FAN--
reconstituted in eastern Chad with Egyptian, Sudanese,
and,
reportedly, significant United States assistance--to win
key
positions along the highway from Abéché to N'Djamena.
Habré was
restrained only by the arrival and deployment in December
1981 of
some 4,800 IAF troops from Nigeria, Senegal, and Zaire.
In February 1982, a special OAU meeting in Nairobi
resulted in
a plan that called for a cease-fire, negotiations among
all
parties, elections, and the departure of the IAF; all
terms were to
be carried out within six months. Habré accepted the plan,
but
Goukouni rejected it, asserting that Habré had lost any
claim to
legitimacy when he broke with GUNT. When Habré renewed his
military
advance toward N'Djamena, the IAF remained essentially
neutral,
just as the French had done when FROLINAT marched on
Malloum three
years earlier. FAN secured control of the capital on June
7.
Goukouni and other members of GUNT fled to Cameroon and
eventually
reappeared in Libya. For the remainder of the year, Habré
consolidated his power in much of war-weary Chad and
worked to
secure international recognition for his government.
* *
*
Little research material was available in English on
the
historical background of Chad or the central Sudanic
region. For
earlier historical periods, The Cambridge History of
Africa
offers a comprehensive survey, along with maps and
bibliographic
references. Principal sources include the contributions of
Nehemia
Levtzion in Volume 2 of the Cambridge series and H.J.
Fisher in
Volumes 3 and 4, as well as African History by
Philip Curtin
and others, for nineteenth-century material in particular.
The
published thesis State and Society in Three Central
Sudanic
Kingdoms by Anders J. Bjørkelo, although not widely
available,
contains extensive analysis and interpretation. A detailed
examination of Kanem-Borno is presented in Pages
d'histoire du
Kanem, by Jean-Claude Zeltner.
Dennis D. Cordell's Dar al-Kuti and the Last Years
of the
Trans-Sahahan Slave Trade, although not specifically
about
Chad, is especially useful for its regional perspective
and its
analysis of nineteenth-century developments. Cordell also
provides
useful perspectives on the culture of the Sara people.
No standard English work on the colonial experience in
Chad is
readily available, and the most frequently cited French
source,
Jacques Le Cornec's Histoire politique du Tchad de 1900
à
1962, is dated. Brian Weinstein's biography of Félix
Eboué
surveys the human dimension of the colonial era. Samuel
Decalo's
Historical Dictionary of Chad is also a valuable
reference
work.
Chad's recent history is analyzed in the works of
Decalo, René
Lemarchand, and William J. Foltz. Other important
references
include Conflict in Chad by Virginia M. Thompson
and Richard
Adloff and A State in Disarray, by Michael P.
Kelley. French
works on recent history include Le Frolinat et les
révoltes
populaires du Tchad, 1965-1976 by Robert Buijtenhuijs
and
Tchad-Libye: La querelle des frontières by Bernard
Lanne.
(For further information and complete citations,
see
Bibliography.)
Data as of December 1988
- Chad-Southern Dominance, 1960-1978
- Chad-Islam in Chad
- Chad-Constitutional System STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
- Chad-Central Saharan Languages
- Chad-HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES
- Chad-Defense Expenditures
- Chad-Production Factors
- Chad-LANGUAGES AND ETHNIC GROUPS
- Chad-Equipment
- Chad-Judicial System
- Chad-INTRODUCTION
- Chad-President
- Chad-Direction of Trade
- Chad-Boua
- Chad-Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
- Chad-FOREIGN MILITARY COOPERATION
- Chad-Protestantism in Chad
- Chad-Regional Government
- Chad-Banking and Finance
- Chad-ECONOMY
- Chad-Manufacturing MANUFACTURING, MINING, AND UTILITIES
- Chad-NATIONAL SECURITY
- Chad-Government Finances
- Chad-The French Military Role in Chad
- Chad -COUNTRY PROFILE
- Chad-TOMBALBAYE ERA, 1960-75
- Chad-Secondary Education
- Chad-Arabs: Semisedentary Peoples of the Sahel
- Chad-Relations with Nigeria and Sudan
- Chad-ERA OF EMPIRES, A.D - 900-1900
- Chad-Internal Security Conditions
- Chad-Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
- Chad-CHAD
- Chad-Repelling Libya's Occupying Force, 1985-87
- Chad-Classical African Religions
- Chad-Chapter 3 - The Economy
- Chad-ARRIVAL OF THE FRENCH AND COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
- Chad-Relations with Other African States
- Chad-SOCIETY
- Chad-Roman Catholicism in Chad
- Chad-Primary Education
- Chad-PREHISTORY
- Chad-Exports
- Chad-Police Services
- Chad-Civil War and Multilateral Mediation, 1979-82
- Chad-Organization of the National Security Establishment
- Chad-National Debt THE NATIONAL DEBT AND FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
- Chad-Relations with France
- Chad-Congo-Kordofanian Languages
- Chad-Subsistence Farming
- Chad-The Air Force
- Chad-Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
- Chad-Nilo-Saharan Languages
- Chad-Land Transport
- Chad-TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
- Chad-GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
- Chad-United States Military Aid
- Chad-Balance of Payments BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND FINANCE
- Chad-GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
- Chad-Council of Ministers
- Chad-Foreign Assistance
- Chad-Administrative Structure
- Chad-Wheat
- Chad-Air Transport
- Chad-ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- Chad-Forestry
- Chad-Factionalism POLITICAL DYNAMICS
- Chad-Rice and Corn
- Chad-The Land
- Chad-Sahelian Region
- Chad-Communications
- Chad-Restructuring the System
- Chad-Training
- Chad-Vocational Education
- Chad-Chapter 5 - National Security
- Chad-Cotton
- Chad-The Chadian National Armed Forces
- Chad-Fall of the Tombalbaye Government
- Chad-Fulani
- Chad-Mass Media
- Chad-Mabang Languages
- Chad-RELIGION
- Chad
- Chad-INTERNAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
- Chad-The FROLINAT Rebellion, 1965-79
- Chad-POPULATION
- Chad-Relations with Libya
- Chad
- Chad-National Union for Independence and Revolution
- Chad
- Chad-Relations with Arab States
- Chad-Sara: Sedentary Peoples of the Soudanian Zone
- Chad-AGRICULTURE
- Chad
- Chad-Tombalbaye's Governance: Policies and Methods
- Chad-Sara-Bongo-Baguirmi Languages
- Chad-Soudanian Region
- Chad-Rebellion in Eastern and Northern Chad
- Chad-THE ARMED FORCES
- Chad-Mining
- Chad-PREFACE
- Chad-SOCIAL STRUCTURE
- Chad-Saharan Region
- Chad
- Chad-Relations with the United States
- Chad-Fishing
- Chad-Kanem-Borno
- Chad-Afro-Asiatic Languages
- Chad-Toubou and Daza: Nomads of the Sahara
- Chad
- Chad-PHYSICAL SETTING
- Chad-Christianity
- Chad-Sorghum and Millet
- Chad-FOREIGN RELATIONS
- Chad-Pricing Mechanisms
- Chad
- Chad-DECOLONIZATION POLITICS
- Chad-Tubers
- Chad-Water Systems
- Chad-Political Style
- Chad-Peanuts
- Chad-TRADE AND COMMERCE
- Chad-Imports
- Chad-The Criminal Justice System
- Chad-Ouaddaïan Languages
- Chad-CIVIL CONFLICT AND LIBYAN INTERVENTION
- Chad-Origins and Early Development
- Chad-Banda-Ngbaka
- Chad-TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
- Chad-GEOGRAPHY
- Chad
- Chad-ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
- Chad-Preindependence Factions POLITICAL BACKGROUND
- Chad-Higher Education
- Chad-Malloum's Military Government, 1975-78 CIVIL WAR AND NORTHERN DOMINANCE, 1975-82
- Chad-Livestock
- Chad-Arabic
- Chad-Water and Electricity
- Chad
Background | | Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution, and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and the rebels. In 2005, new rebel groups emerged in western Sudan and made probing attacks into eastern Chad, despite signing peace agreements in December 2006 and October 2007. Power remains in the hands of an ethnic minority. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007, and the capital experienced a significant rebel threat in early 2008.
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Location | | Central Africa, south of Libya
|
Area(sq km) | | total: 1.284 million sq km land: 1,259,200 sq km water: 24,800 sq km
|
Geographic coordinates | | 15 00 N, 19 00 E
|
Land boundaries(km) | | total: 5,968 km border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
|
Coastline(km) | | 0 km (landlocked)
|
Climate | | tropical in south, desert in north
|
Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m
|
Natural resources | | petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt
|
Land use(%) | | arable land: 2.8% permanent crops: 0.02% other: 97.18% (2005)
|
Irrigated land(sq km) | | 300 sq km (2003)
|
Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 43 cu km (1987)
|
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 0.23 cu km/yr (17%/0%/83%) per capita: 24 cu m/yr (2000)
|
Natural hazards | | hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues
|
Environment - current issues | | inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification
|
Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
|
Geography - note | | landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel
|
Population | | 10,329,208 (July 2009 est.)
|
Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 46.7% (male 2,445,841/female 2,381,319) 15-64 years: 50.4% (male 2,386,428/female 2,816,050) 65 years and over: 2.9% (male 126,351/female 173,219) (2009 est.)
|
Median age(years) | | total: 16.5 years male: 15.3 years female: 17.7 years (2009 est.)
|
Population growth rate(%) | | 2.069% (2009 est.)
|
Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 40.86 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 16.09 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
|
Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -4.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 27% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 4.7% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
|
Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|
Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 98.69 deaths/1,000 live births male: 104.72 deaths/1,000 live births female: 92.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
|
Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 47.7 years male: 46.67 years female: 48.77 years (2009 est.)
|
Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 5.31 children born/woman (2009 est.)
|
Nationality | | noun: Chadian(s) adjective: Chadian
|
Ethnic groups(%) | | Sara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%, Ouaddai 8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%, Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha 4.7%, other 6.4%, unknown 0.3% (1993 census)
|
Religions(%) | | Muslim 53.1%, Catholic 20.1%, Protestant 14.2%, animist 7.3%, other 0.5%, unknown 1.7%, atheist 3.1% (1993 census)
|
Languages(%) | | French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
|
Country name | | conventional long form: Republic of Chad conventional short form: Chad local long form: Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad local short form: Tchad/Tshad
|
Government type | | republic
|
Capital | | name: N'Djamena geographic coordinates: 12 06 N, 15 02 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|
Administrative divisions | | 18 regions (regions, singular - region); Batha, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile, Ville de N'Djamena, Wadi Fira
|
Constitution | | passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum removed constitutional term limits
|
Legal system | | based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
|
Executive branch | | chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno (since 4 December 1990) head of government: Prime Minister Youssof Saleh ABBAS (since 16 April 2008) cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 3 May 2006 (next to be held by May 2011); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 64.7%, Delwa Kassire KOUMAKOYE 15.1%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE 7.8%, Mahamat ABDOULAYE 7.1%, Brahim KOULAMALLAH 5.3%; note - a June 2005 national referendum altered the constitution removing presidential term limits and permitting Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno to run for reelection
|
Legislative branch | | unicameral National Assembly (155 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - the 1996 constitution called for a Senate that has never been formed elections: National Assembly - last held 21 April 2002 (next to be held by 2009); note - legislative elections, originally scheduled for 2006, were first delayed by National Assembly action and subsequently by an accord, signed in August 2007, between government and opposition parties election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPS 110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, UNDR 5, URD 3, other 11
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Judicial branch | | Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts
|
Political pressure groups and leaders | | rebel groups
|
International organization participation | | ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
Flag description | | three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red note: similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
|
Economy - overview | | Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted by major foreign direct investment projects in the oil sector that began in 2000. At least 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood. Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked position, high energy costs, and a history of instability. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment projects. A consortium led by two US companies has been investing $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves - estimated at 1 billion barrels - in southern Chad. Chinese companies are also expanding exploration efforts and plan to build a refinery. The nation's total oil reserves are estimated at 1.5 billion barrels. Oil production came on stream in late 2003. Chad began to export oil in 2004. Cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings.
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $15.82 billion (2008 est.) $15.85 billion (2007 est.) $15.82 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP (official exchange rate) | | $8.4 billion (2008 est.)
|
GDP - real growth rate(%) | | -0.2% (2008 est.) 0.2% (2007 est.) 0.2% (2006 est.)
|
GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $1,600 (2008 est.) $1,600 (2007 est.) $1,600 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 20.5% industry: 48% services: 31.5% (2008 est.)
|
Labor force | | 4.293 million (2007)
|
Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 80% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing) industry and services: 20% (2006 est.)
|
Unemployment rate(%) | | NA%
|
Population below poverty line(%) | | 80% (2001 est.)
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
|
Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 13.7% of GDP (2008 est.)
|
Budget | | revenues: $2.324 billion expenditures: $1.91 billion (2008 est.)
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 10.3% (2008 est.) 4% (2007 est.)
|
Stock of money | | $NA (31 December 2008) $874.5 million (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of quasi money | | $NA (31 December 2008) $55.23 million (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of domestic credit | | $NA (31 December 2008) $82.81 million (31 December 2007)
|
Market value of publicly traded shares | | $NA
|
Economic aid - recipient | | ODA, $379.8 million (2005)
|
Agriculture - products | | cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels
|
Industries | | oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials
|
Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 2% (2008 est.)
|
Current account balance | | -$1.019 billion (2008 est.) -$737.8 million (2007 est.)
|
Exports | | $4.342 billion (2008 est.) $3.674 billion (2007 est.)
|
Exports - commodities(%) | | oil, cattle, cotton, gum arabic
|
Exports - partners(%) | | US 92.8%, Japan 2.2%, France 1.5% (2008)
|
Imports | | $1.927 billion (2008 est.) $1.541 billion (2007 est.)
|
Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles
|
Imports - partners(%) | | France 17.5%, Cameroon 14.8%, China 9.8%, Ukraine 9.5%, US 7.7%, Germany 5.6%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%, Netherlands 4% (2008)
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $1.347 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $964.4 million (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Debt - external | | $1.6 billion (2005 est.)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $4.5 billion (2006 est.)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $NA
|
Exchange rates | | Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 480.1 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004) note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) has been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro; Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa, even though the two currencies trade at par
|
Currency (code) | | Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
|
Telephones - main lines in use | | 13,000 (2008)
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Telephones - mobile cellular | | 1.809 million (2008)
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Telephone system | | general assessment: primitive system with high costs and low telephone density; fixed-line connections for only about 1 per 1000 persons coupled with mobile-cellular subscribership base of less than 20 per 100 persons domestic: fair system of radiotelephone communication stations international: country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2008)
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Internet country code | | .td
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Internet users | | 130,000 (2008)
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Airports | | 54 (2009)
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Pipelines(km) | | oil 250 km (2008)
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Roadways(km) | | total: 33,400 km paved: 267 km unpaved: 33,133 km (2002)
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Military branches | | Armed Forces: Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT), Chadian Air Force (Force Aerienne Tchadienne, FAT), Gendarmerie (2008)
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Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 20 years of age for conscripts, with 3-year service obligation; 18 years of age for volunteers; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age of 21 (2004)
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Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,906,545 females age 16-49: 2,258,758 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,103,006 females age 16-49: 1,315,620 (2009 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 121,080 female: 121,585 (2009 est.)
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Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 4.2% of GDP (2006)
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Disputes - international | | since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad; Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from cross-border banditry; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
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Refugees and internally displaced persons | | refugees (country of origin): 234,000 (Sudan); 54,200 (Central African Republic) IDPs: 178,918 (2007)
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Trafficking in persons | | current situation: Chad is a source, transit, and destination country for children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation; the majority of children are trafficked within Chad for involuntary domestic servitude, forced cattle herding, forced begging, forced labor in petty commerce or the fishing industry, or for commercial sexual exploitation; to a lesser extent, Chadian children are also trafficked to Cameroon, the Central African Republic, and Nigeria for cattle herding; children may also be trafficked from Cameroon and the Central African Republic to Chad's oil producing regions for sexual exploitation tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Chad is on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat human trafficking in 2007; Chad was destabilized during 2007 by civil conflict leading to a declared state of emergency in February 2008, and a steady influx of refugees fleeing Sudan and the Central African Republic; the government demonstrated insufficient overall efforts to combat trafficking; Chad has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)
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Electricity - production(kWh) | | 100 million kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 93 million kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 127,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 1,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 157,900 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 1,571 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 3.5% (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 200,000 (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths | | 14,000 (2007 est.)
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Major infectious diseases | | degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
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Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic total population: 25.7% male: 40.8% female: 12.8% (2000 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 6 years male: 7 years female: 4 years (2005)
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Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 1.9% of GDP (2005)
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