MONGABAY.COM
Mongabay.com seeks to raise interest in and appreciation of wild lands and wildlife, while examining the impact of emerging trends in climate, technology, economics, and finance on conservation and development (more)
WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
|
|
Chad
Index
Two major Afro-Asiatic language are represented in
Chad. Chadic
languages stretch from the western borders of Nigeria to
Ouaddaï
Prefecture, and Arabic-speaking populations are scattered
throughout the Sahel.
Chadic Languages
Most speakers of Chadic languages, including the 20
million
speakers of Hausa, the major Chadic language, live west of
Chad.
The peculiar east-west distribution of Chadic along the
southern
fringe of the Sahara from western Nigeria to eastern Chad
has led
some experts to suggest that ancestral Chadic languages
were spoken
by peoples living along the southern shores of the
Paleochadian
Sea. The first cluster of languages is closely associated
with
water--the lake, the delta, the Chari and Logone rivers,
and their
adjacent floodplains. Water also is important to the
economies of
most of the populations speaking these languages. In the
second
cluster, Chadic speakers are descended from refugee
populations who
perhaps sought shelter in the highlands when the
contraction of the
sea and the increased aridity of the region allowed the
penetration
of more aggressive herding populations.
Within Chad, the Chadic languages are distributed in
two
patterns. The first extends from Lake Chad south along the
Chari
and Logone rivers to Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture. Individual
languages
fall into five groups, arrayed from north to southeast.
Buduma-Kouri is spoken by two groups of lake people who
intermarry despite some social differences. The Buduma,
who believe
that they are the original inhabitants of Lake Chad, live
on its
northern islands and shores. In the past, the Buduma spent
much of
their time fishing on lake islands. In recent times,
however, their
economic activities have diversified to include farming
and
herding. Active in commerce between Chad and Nigeria, the
Buduma
raise cattle whose very large and hollow horns serve as
flotation
devices that permit their owners to "herd" them in the
lake itself.
The lake has long protected the Buduma, allowing them to
maintain
a separate identity. Despite centuries of contact with
Islamic
states around the lake, for example, they maintained their
own
religion until the early twentieth century.
The Kouri, who speak the same language, live on the
shores and
islands of the southern part of Lake Chad. More devout
Muslims, the
Kouri believe that they are descendants of Muslim migrants
from
Yemen and that they are related to the Kanembu, whose
medieval
empire sponsored the spread of Islam in the region. Kouri
economic
activities resemble those of the Buduma; however, the
absence of
polders (see Glossary)
along this part of the lakeshore
has led the
Kouri to confine farming to small plots around their
villages.
Although they confine their herds to the islands during
the dry
season, they may entrust them to neighboring Kanembu for
pasturing
during the rains.
Kotoko is spoken along the lower Chari and Logone
rivers by
peoples thought to be descendants of the legendary Sao
(see Prehistory
, ch. 1). Divided into small states with
fortified cities
as their capitals, the Kotoko consider themselves "owners
of the
land" by virtue of their long residence, and other peoples
in the
region recognize this claim. For example, neighboring
Arabs pay
tribute for the right to farm and herd. The Kotoko also
have a
monopoly over fishing and water transport. Rights to the
waters of
the Logone and Chari rivers are divided among the cities,
each of
which has a "chief of the waters," whose communications
with the
water spirits determine the opening of the fishing season.
Non-Kotoko must pay for the right to fish. Outnumbered in
their own
lands by Bororo and Arab herders, only about 7,000 Kotoko
lived in
Chad in the late 1960s; three times as many lived across
the Logone
in Cameroon. Strife in Chad -- particularly the troubles
in
N'Djamena in 1979 and 1980--probably has accelerated the
emigration
of the Kotoko from Chad.
Massa languages, including Massa, Moussey, Marba, and
Dari, are
centered in southern Chari-Baguirmi and Mayo-Kebbi
prefectures. The
Massa proper farm, herd, and fish in floodplains of the
middle
Chari. Repeatedly through their history, the Massa
suffered raids
from their Muslim neighbors--the Kanuri of the Borno
Empire, the
Barma of the Bagirmi Empire, and the Fulani of Cameroon.
The Massa
survived these military onslaughts, in part because their
villages,
which crown the hills in the Chari floodplain, afforded
protection
for much of the year. Having survived these threats, in
recent
years the Massa ironically have adopted Muslim dress and
have
superimposed some features of Fulani political structure
on their
local "chiefs of the lands." The other speakers of Massa
languages
resemble the Massa proper. Estimated to number 120,000 in
the late
1970s, the largest group among them is the Moussey, who
live in and
around Gounou Gaya in Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture.
The last cluster of Chadic languages in this first
distribution
encompasses Nachéré, Lélé, Gablai, and Guidar spoken
primarily in
Tandjilé Prefecture and with outlying languages that
include Gabri
(in Tandjilé Prefecture) and Toumak, Somrai, Ndam, Miltou,
and
Saraoua (in Moyen-Chari Prefecture). This cluster of
languages
forms a transition zone between the Massa and the Sara
languages.
The numbers of speakers of these languages are small,
probably
because their peoples have been absorbed by more numerous
neighbors
through intermarriage or emigration.
The second Chadic language distribution comprises two
clusters.
The first brings together the languages spoken by the
Hajerai, the
mountain peoples of Guéra Prefecture. These peoples are
descended
from refugees from the surrounding plains who sought
shelter in the
mountains when invaded by raiders from neighboring
centralized
states. Despite the presence of non-Chadic languages (such
as
Kenga, which is part of the Sara-Bongo-Baguirmi group),
most
Hajerai speak Chadic languages, such as Djongor,
Dangaleat, Bidyo,
Mogoum, Sokoro, Barain, and Saba. The Hajerai groups share
important religious institutions, such as the
margai cult of
place spirits; at the same time, they maintain separate
identities
and refuse to intermarry
(see Classical African Religions
, this
ch.). All have traditions of fierce independence. The
Hajerai were
among the earliest supporters of rebellion against the
Chadian
national government in the 1960s.
Moubi languages of Ouaddaï Prefecture make up the
second
cluster of this second distribution of Chadic languages.
The Moubi
are a sedentary people who live south of the Massalit.
They grow
millet, sorghum, sesame, beans, cotton, and peanuts. In
recent
years, they have also adopted cattle herding, a practice
borrowed
from the Missiriye Arab herders who regularly cross their
lands and
with whom the Moubi have long exchanged goods and
services. Like
the Hajerai, the Moubi have resisted the government since
shortly
after independence.
Data as of December 1988
- Chad-Southern Dominance, 1960-1978
- Chad-Islam in Chad
- Chad-Constitutional System STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
- Chad-Central Saharan Languages
- Chad-HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES
- Chad-Defense Expenditures
- Chad-Production Factors
- Chad-LANGUAGES AND ETHNIC GROUPS
- Chad-Equipment
- Chad-Judicial System
- Chad-INTRODUCTION
- Chad-President
- Chad-Direction of Trade
- Chad-Boua
- Chad-Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
- Chad-FOREIGN MILITARY COOPERATION
- Chad-Protestantism in Chad
- Chad-Regional Government
- Chad-Banking and Finance
- Chad-ECONOMY
- Chad-Manufacturing MANUFACTURING, MINING, AND UTILITIES
- Chad-NATIONAL SECURITY
- Chad-Government Finances
- Chad-The French Military Role in Chad
- Chad -COUNTRY PROFILE
- Chad-TOMBALBAYE ERA, 1960-75
- Chad-Secondary Education
- Chad-Arabs: Semisedentary Peoples of the Sahel
- Chad-Relations with Nigeria and Sudan
- Chad-ERA OF EMPIRES, A.D - 900-1900
- Chad-Internal Security Conditions
- Chad-Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
- Chad-CHAD
- Chad-Repelling Libya's Occupying Force, 1985-87
- Chad-Classical African Religions
- Chad-Chapter 3 - The Economy
- Chad-ARRIVAL OF THE FRENCH AND COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
- Chad-Relations with Other African States
- Chad-SOCIETY
- Chad-Roman Catholicism in Chad
- Chad-Primary Education
- Chad-PREHISTORY
- Chad-Exports
- Chad-Police Services
- Chad-Civil War and Multilateral Mediation, 1979-82
- Chad-Organization of the National Security Establishment
- Chad-National Debt THE NATIONAL DEBT AND FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
- Chad-Relations with France
- Chad-Congo-Kordofanian Languages
- Chad-Subsistence Farming
- Chad-The Air Force
- Chad-Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
- Chad-Nilo-Saharan Languages
- Chad-Land Transport
- Chad-TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
- Chad-GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
- Chad-United States Military Aid
- Chad-Balance of Payments BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND FINANCE
- Chad-GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
- Chad-Council of Ministers
- Chad-Foreign Assistance
- Chad-Administrative Structure
- Chad-Wheat
- Chad-Air Transport
- Chad-ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- Chad-Forestry
- Chad-Factionalism POLITICAL DYNAMICS
- Chad-Rice and Corn
- Chad-The Land
- Chad-Sahelian Region
- Chad-Communications
- Chad-Restructuring the System
- Chad-Training
- Chad-Vocational Education
- Chad-Chapter 5 - National Security
- Chad-Cotton
- Chad-The Chadian National Armed Forces
- Chad-Fall of the Tombalbaye Government
- Chad-Fulani
- Chad-Mass Media
- Chad-Mabang Languages
- Chad-RELIGION
- Chad
- Chad-INTERNAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
- Chad-The FROLINAT Rebellion, 1965-79
- Chad-POPULATION
- Chad-Relations with Libya
- Chad
- Chad-National Union for Independence and Revolution
- Chad
- Chad-Relations with Arab States
- Chad-Sara: Sedentary Peoples of the Soudanian Zone
- Chad-AGRICULTURE
- Chad
- Chad-Tombalbaye's Governance: Policies and Methods
- Chad-Sara-Bongo-Baguirmi Languages
- Chad-Soudanian Region
- Chad-Rebellion in Eastern and Northern Chad
- Chad-THE ARMED FORCES
- Chad-Mining
- Chad-PREFACE
- Chad-SOCIAL STRUCTURE
- Chad-Saharan Region
- Chad
- Chad-Relations with the United States
- Chad-Fishing
- Chad-Kanem-Borno
- Chad-Afro-Asiatic Languages
- Chad-Toubou and Daza: Nomads of the Sahara
- Chad
- Chad-PHYSICAL SETTING
- Chad-Christianity
- Chad-Sorghum and Millet
- Chad-FOREIGN RELATIONS
- Chad-Pricing Mechanisms
- Chad
- Chad-DECOLONIZATION POLITICS
- Chad-Tubers
- Chad-Water Systems
- Chad-Political Style
- Chad-Peanuts
- Chad-TRADE AND COMMERCE
- Chad-Imports
- Chad-The Criminal Justice System
- Chad-Ouaddaïan Languages
- Chad-CIVIL CONFLICT AND LIBYAN INTERVENTION
- Chad-Origins and Early Development
- Chad-Banda-Ngbaka
- Chad-TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
- Chad-GEOGRAPHY
- Chad
- Chad-ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
- Chad-Preindependence Factions POLITICAL BACKGROUND
- Chad-Higher Education
- Chad-Malloum's Military Government, 1975-78 CIVIL WAR AND NORTHERN DOMINANCE, 1975-82
- Chad-Livestock
- Chad-Arabic
- Chad-Water and Electricity
- Chad
Background | | Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution, and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and the rebels. In 2005, new rebel groups emerged in western Sudan and made probing attacks into eastern Chad, despite signing peace agreements in December 2006 and October 2007. Power remains in the hands of an ethnic minority. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007, and the capital experienced a significant rebel threat in early 2008.
|
Location | | Central Africa, south of Libya
|
Area(sq km) | | total: 1.284 million sq km land: 1,259,200 sq km water: 24,800 sq km
|
Geographic coordinates | | 15 00 N, 19 00 E
|
Land boundaries(km) | | total: 5,968 km border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
|
Coastline(km) | | 0 km (landlocked)
|
Climate | | tropical in south, desert in north
|
Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m
|
Natural resources | | petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt
|
Land use(%) | | arable land: 2.8% permanent crops: 0.02% other: 97.18% (2005)
|
Irrigated land(sq km) | | 300 sq km (2003)
|
Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 43 cu km (1987)
|
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 0.23 cu km/yr (17%/0%/83%) per capita: 24 cu m/yr (2000)
|
Natural hazards | | hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues
|
Environment - current issues | | inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification
|
Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
|
Geography - note | | landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel
|
Population | | 10,329,208 (July 2009 est.)
|
Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 46.7% (male 2,445,841/female 2,381,319) 15-64 years: 50.4% (male 2,386,428/female 2,816,050) 65 years and over: 2.9% (male 126,351/female 173,219) (2009 est.)
|
Median age(years) | | total: 16.5 years male: 15.3 years female: 17.7 years (2009 est.)
|
Population growth rate(%) | | 2.069% (2009 est.)
|
Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 40.86 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 16.09 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
|
Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -4.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 27% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 4.7% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
|
Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|
Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 98.69 deaths/1,000 live births male: 104.72 deaths/1,000 live births female: 92.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
|
Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 47.7 years male: 46.67 years female: 48.77 years (2009 est.)
|
Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 5.31 children born/woman (2009 est.)
|
Nationality | | noun: Chadian(s) adjective: Chadian
|
Ethnic groups(%) | | Sara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%, Ouaddai 8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%, Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha 4.7%, other 6.4%, unknown 0.3% (1993 census)
|
Religions(%) | | Muslim 53.1%, Catholic 20.1%, Protestant 14.2%, animist 7.3%, other 0.5%, unknown 1.7%, atheist 3.1% (1993 census)
|
Languages(%) | | French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
|
Country name | | conventional long form: Republic of Chad conventional short form: Chad local long form: Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad local short form: Tchad/Tshad
|
Government type | | republic
|
Capital | | name: N'Djamena geographic coordinates: 12 06 N, 15 02 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|
Administrative divisions | | 18 regions (regions, singular - region); Batha, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile, Ville de N'Djamena, Wadi Fira
|
Constitution | | passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum removed constitutional term limits
|
Legal system | | based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
|
Executive branch | | chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno (since 4 December 1990) head of government: Prime Minister Youssof Saleh ABBAS (since 16 April 2008) cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 3 May 2006 (next to be held by May 2011); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 64.7%, Delwa Kassire KOUMAKOYE 15.1%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE 7.8%, Mahamat ABDOULAYE 7.1%, Brahim KOULAMALLAH 5.3%; note - a June 2005 national referendum altered the constitution removing presidential term limits and permitting Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno to run for reelection
|
Legislative branch | | unicameral National Assembly (155 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - the 1996 constitution called for a Senate that has never been formed elections: National Assembly - last held 21 April 2002 (next to be held by 2009); note - legislative elections, originally scheduled for 2006, were first delayed by National Assembly action and subsequently by an accord, signed in August 2007, between government and opposition parties election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPS 110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, UNDR 5, URD 3, other 11
|
Judicial branch | | Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts
|
Political pressure groups and leaders | | rebel groups
|
International organization participation | | ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
Flag description | | three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red note: similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
|
Economy - overview | | Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted by major foreign direct investment projects in the oil sector that began in 2000. At least 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood. Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked position, high energy costs, and a history of instability. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment projects. A consortium led by two US companies has been investing $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves - estimated at 1 billion barrels - in southern Chad. Chinese companies are also expanding exploration efforts and plan to build a refinery. The nation's total oil reserves are estimated at 1.5 billion barrels. Oil production came on stream in late 2003. Chad began to export oil in 2004. Cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings.
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $15.82 billion (2008 est.) $15.85 billion (2007 est.) $15.82 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP (official exchange rate) | | $8.4 billion (2008 est.)
|
GDP - real growth rate(%) | | -0.2% (2008 est.) 0.2% (2007 est.) 0.2% (2006 est.)
|
GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $1,600 (2008 est.) $1,600 (2007 est.) $1,600 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 20.5% industry: 48% services: 31.5% (2008 est.)
|
Labor force | | 4.293 million (2007)
|
Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 80% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing) industry and services: 20% (2006 est.)
|
Unemployment rate(%) | | NA%
|
Population below poverty line(%) | | 80% (2001 est.)
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
|
Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 13.7% of GDP (2008 est.)
|
Budget | | revenues: $2.324 billion expenditures: $1.91 billion (2008 est.)
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 10.3% (2008 est.) 4% (2007 est.)
|
Stock of money | | $NA (31 December 2008) $874.5 million (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of quasi money | | $NA (31 December 2008) $55.23 million (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of domestic credit | | $NA (31 December 2008) $82.81 million (31 December 2007)
|
Market value of publicly traded shares | | $NA
|
Economic aid - recipient | | ODA, $379.8 million (2005)
|
Agriculture - products | | cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels
|
Industries | | oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials
|
Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 2% (2008 est.)
|
Current account balance | | -$1.019 billion (2008 est.) -$737.8 million (2007 est.)
|
Exports | | $4.342 billion (2008 est.) $3.674 billion (2007 est.)
|
Exports - commodities(%) | | oil, cattle, cotton, gum arabic
|
Exports - partners(%) | | US 92.8%, Japan 2.2%, France 1.5% (2008)
|
Imports | | $1.927 billion (2008 est.) $1.541 billion (2007 est.)
|
Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles
|
Imports - partners(%) | | France 17.5%, Cameroon 14.8%, China 9.8%, Ukraine 9.5%, US 7.7%, Germany 5.6%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%, Netherlands 4% (2008)
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $1.347 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $964.4 million (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Debt - external | | $1.6 billion (2005 est.)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $4.5 billion (2006 est.)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $NA
|
Exchange rates | | Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 480.1 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004) note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) has been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro; Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa, even though the two currencies trade at par
|
Currency (code) | | Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
|
Telephones - main lines in use | | 13,000 (2008)
|
Telephones - mobile cellular | | 1.809 million (2008)
|
Telephone system | | general assessment: primitive system with high costs and low telephone density; fixed-line connections for only about 1 per 1000 persons coupled with mobile-cellular subscribership base of less than 20 per 100 persons domestic: fair system of radiotelephone communication stations international: country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2008)
|
Internet country code | | .td
|
Internet users | | 130,000 (2008)
|
Airports | | 54 (2009)
|
Pipelines(km) | | oil 250 km (2008)
|
Roadways(km) | | total: 33,400 km paved: 267 km unpaved: 33,133 km (2002)
|
Military branches | | Armed Forces: Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT), Chadian Air Force (Force Aerienne Tchadienne, FAT), Gendarmerie (2008)
|
Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 20 years of age for conscripts, with 3-year service obligation; 18 years of age for volunteers; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age of 21 (2004)
|
Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,906,545 females age 16-49: 2,258,758 (2008 est.)
|
Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,103,006 females age 16-49: 1,315,620 (2009 est.)
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 121,080 female: 121,585 (2009 est.)
|
Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 4.2% of GDP (2006)
|
Disputes - international | | since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad; Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from cross-border banditry; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons | | refugees (country of origin): 234,000 (Sudan); 54,200 (Central African Republic) IDPs: 178,918 (2007)
|
Trafficking in persons | | current situation: Chad is a source, transit, and destination country for children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation; the majority of children are trafficked within Chad for involuntary domestic servitude, forced cattle herding, forced begging, forced labor in petty commerce or the fishing industry, or for commercial sexual exploitation; to a lesser extent, Chadian children are also trafficked to Cameroon, the Central African Republic, and Nigeria for cattle herding; children may also be trafficked from Cameroon and the Central African Republic to Chad's oil producing regions for sexual exploitation tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Chad is on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat human trafficking in 2007; Chad was destabilized during 2007 by civil conflict leading to a declared state of emergency in February 2008, and a steady influx of refugees fleeing Sudan and the Central African Republic; the government demonstrated insufficient overall efforts to combat trafficking; Chad has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)
|
Electricity - production(kWh) | | 100 million kWh (2007 est.)
|
Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
|
Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 93 million kWh (2007 est.)
|
Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 127,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 1,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 157,900 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 1,571 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
|
Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
|
Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
|
Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
|
Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 3.5% (2007 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 200,000 (2007 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths | | 14,000 (2007 est.)
|
Major infectious diseases | | degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
|
Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic total population: 25.7% male: 40.8% female: 12.8% (2000 est.)
|
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 6 years male: 7 years female: 4 years (2005)
|
Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 1.9% of GDP (2005)
|
|
|