Throughout the era of postwar communist modernization, family
life remained one of the most important values in Bulgarian
society. In a 1977 sociological survey, 95 percent of women
responded that "one can live a full life only if one has a family."
From the beginning of the twentieth century until the 1970s, the
marriage rate in Bulgaria was stable at close to 10 percent per
year. The rate was slightly higher just after the two world wars.
The rate fell beginning in 1980, however, reaching 7 percent in
1989. Slightly more couples married in the cities than in the
villages, a natural development considering the ageing of the
village population. Most women married between the ages of eighteen
and twenty-five, most men between twenty and twenty-five. Village
men and less educated city men typically married before they were
twenty. The first men to marry often were those who had completed
their military service, did not plan further education, and could
support themselves financially
(see Recruitment and Service Obligations
, ch. 5;
Education
, this ch.). Those who continued their
education often delayed marriage until their late twenties. In
choosing their spouses, the less educated and those from more
traditional regions of Bulgaria sought qualities most highly valued
in traditional society: love of hard work, modesty, and good
character. Among the educated classes, values such as personal
respect, commonality of interests, and education were more often
predominant in the choice of a spouse.
Until 1944 divorce was quite rare in Bulgaria, and great stigma
was attached to all individuals who had divorced. After 1944 the
divorce rate rose steadily until 1983, when it reached 16.3
percent. Between 1983 and 1986, however, the rate fell to 11.2
percent. In the 1980s, the divorce rate in the cities was more than
twice that in the villages, in part because the village population
was older. The divorce rate was especially high for couples married
five years or less; that group accounted for 44 percent of all
divorces. In 1991 the rate was increasing, however, for those
married longer than five years.
Concerned about Bulgaria's low birth rate, the government
issued new restrictions on divorce in its 1985 Family Code. The fee
to apply for a divorce was more than three months' average salary,
and every application for a divorce required an investigation. The
grounds most often listed in a divorce application were infidelity,
habitual drunkenness, and incompatibility.
In 1991 the average Bulgarian family included four people.
Families of two to five people were common, whereas families of six
or more were rare. In the larger families, moreover, the additional
members usually included one or two of the couple's parents. In
1980 extended families spanning three or even four generations made
up 17 percent of all households, indicating the persistence of the
extended family tradition. Although the tradition was more
prevalent in the villages of western and southern Bulgaria than in
the cities, many urban newlyweds lived with their parents because
they could not afford or obtain separate apartments.
Socialist Bulgaria greatly emphasized the emancipation of
women. The 1971 constitution expressly stated that "all citizens of
the People's Republic of Bulgaria are equal before the law, and no
privileges or limitations of rights based on national, religious,
sex, race, or educational differences are permitted" and that
"women and men in the People's Republic of Bulgaria have the same
rights." Bulgaria's Family Code also affirmed equal rights for men
and women.
In 1988 Bulgaria's work force included an almost equal number
of men (50.1 percent) and women (49.9 percent). By 1984 nearly 70
percent of working women surveyed said that they could not imagine
life without their professional work, even if they did not need the
pay. Only 9 percent of the women preferred being housewives.
However, most men surveyed in 1988 cited economics as the reason
for their wives to work, asserting that the wives should give up
their work if they were needed at home.
Household chores remained primarily the responsibility of
women, including most working wives. In 1990 the average working
woman spent eight and one-half hours at her job and over four and
one-half hours doing housework: cooking, washing dishes, washing
clothes, ironing, mending, and tending the children. In many
households, such tasks were still considered "women's work," to
which husbands contributed little.
In their social planning, Bulgarian legislators usually viewed
their country's women mainly as mothers, not as workers. Besides
the laws passed in an effort to increase the country's birth rate,
legislators passed laws giving certain privileges to women in the
workplace, often keeping their reproductive capability in mind.
Women were prohibited by law from doing heavy work or work which
would adversely affect their health or their capacities as mothers.
The list of prohibited jobs changed constantly, and women sought
such jobs because they generally offered better pay and benefits.
Depending on the type of work, women could retire after fifteen or
twenty years, or after reaching age forty-five, fifty, or fiftyfive . Women who had raised five or more children could retire after
fifteen years of work, regardless of their age or type of work. Men
were generally offered retirement after working twenty-five years
or reaching age fifty, fifty-five, or sixty. Some jobs were
restricted to women unless no women were available. Without
exception these were low-skill, low-paying jobs such as archivist,
elevator operator, ticket seller, coat checker, and bookkeeper.
Other jobs, such as secretary, stenographer, librarian, cashier,
and cleaning person were considered "appropriate for women." Men in
the workplace often expressed resentment of women in positions of
authority.
Background | | The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the local Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman Turks. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty election since World War II and began the contentious process of moving toward political democracy and a market economy while combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. The country joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.
|
Location | | Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey
|
Area(sq km) | | total: 110,879 sq km land: 108,489 sq km water: 2,390 sq km
|
Geographic coordinates | | 43 00 N, 25 00 E
|
Land boundaries(km) | | total: 1,808 km border countries: Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia 318 km, Turkey 240 km
|
Coastline(km) | | 354 km
|
Climate | | temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
|
Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point: Musala 2,925 m
|
Natural resources | | bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
|
Land use(%) | | arable land: 29.94% permanent crops: 1.9% other: 68.16% (2005)
|
Irrigated land(sq km) | | 5,880 sq km (2003)
|
Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 19.4 cu km (2005)
|
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 6.92 cu km/yr (3%/78%/19%) per capita: 895 cu m/yr (2003)
|
Natural hazards | | earthquakes; landslides
|
Environment - current issues | | air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes
|
Environment - international agreements | | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
Geography - note | | strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia
|
Population | | 7,204,687 (July 2009 est.)
|
Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 13.8% (male 509,544/female 484,816) 15-64 years: 68.5% (male 2,426,060/female 2,508,772) 65 years and over: 17.7% (male 518,711/female 756,784) (2009 est.)
|
Median age(years) | | total: 41.4 years male: 39.2 years female: 43.6 years (2009 est.)
|
Population growth rate(%) | | -0.79% (2009 est.)
|
Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 9.51 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 14.31 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
|
Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -3.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 71% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: -0.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
|
Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|
Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 17.87 deaths/1,000 live births male: 21.28 deaths/1,000 live births female: 14.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
|
Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 73.09 years male: 69.48 years female: 76.91 years (2009 est.)
|
Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 1.41 children born/woman (2009 est.)
|
Nationality | | noun: Bulgarian(s) adjective: Bulgarian
|
Ethnic groups(%) | | Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)
|
Religions(%) | | Bulgarian Orthodox 82.6%, Muslim 12.2%, other Christian 1.2%, other 4% (2001 census)
|
Languages(%) | | Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish 9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
|
Country name | | conventional long form: Republic of Bulgaria conventional short form: Bulgaria local long form: Republika Balgariya local short form: Balgariya
|
Government type | | parliamentary democracy
|
Capital | | name: Sofia geographic coordinates: 42 41 N, 23 19 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
|
Administrative divisions | | 28 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Khaskovo, Kurdzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofiya, Sofiya-Grad, Stara Zagora, Turgovishte, Varna, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol
|
Constitution | | adopted 12 July 1991
|
Legal system | | civil and criminal law based on Roman law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
|
Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
|
Executive branch | | chief of state: President Georgi PARVANOV (since 22 January 2002); Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002) head of government: Prime Minister Boyko BORISSOV (since 27 July 2009); Deputy Prime Ministers Simeon DJANKOV and Tsvetan TSVETANOV (since 27 July 2009); cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 22 and 29 October 2006 (next to be held in 2011); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly election results: Georgi PARVANOV reelected president; percent of vote - Georgi PARVANOV 77.3%, Volen SIDEROV 22.7%; Boyko BORISSOV elected prime minister, result of legislative vote - 162 to 77 with 1 abstension
|
Legislative branch | | unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie (240 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 5 July 2009 (next to be held mid-2013) election results: percent of vote by party - GERB 39.7%, BSP 17.7%, MRF 14.4%, ATAKA 9.4%, Blue Coalition 6.8%, RZS 4.1%, other 7.9%; seats by party - GERB 116, BSP 40, MRF 38, ATAKA 21, Blue Coalition 15, RZS 10
|
Judicial branch | | independent judiciary comprised of judges, prosecutors and investigating magistrates who are appointed, promoted, demoted, and dismissed by a 25-member Supreme Judicial Council (consists of the chairmen of the two Supreme Courts, the Chief Prosecutor, and 22 members, half of whom are elected by the National Assembly and the other half by the bodies of the judiciary for a 5-year term in office); three levels of case review; 182 courts of which two Supreme Courts act as the last instance on civil and criminal cases (the Supreme Court of Cassation) and appeals of government decisions (the Supreme Administrative Court)
|
Political pressure groups and leaders | | Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB; Podkrepa Labor Confederation other: numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas
|
International organization participation | | ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
Flag description | | three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue note: the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed
|
Economy - overview | | Bulgaria, a former Communist country that entered the EU on 1 January 2007, has experienced strong growth since a major economic downturn in 1996. Successive governments have demonstrated a commitment to economic reforms and responsible fiscal planning, but have failed so far to rein in rising inflation and large current account deficits. Bulgaria has averaged more than 6% growth since 2004, attracting significant amounts of foreign direct investment, but corruption in the public administration, a weak judiciary, and the presence of organized crime remain significant challenges.
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $93.98 billion (2008 est.) $88.66 billion (2007 est.) $83.48 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP (official exchange rate) | | $49.9 billion (2008)
|
GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 6% (2008 est.) 6.2% (2007 est.) 6.3% (2006 est.)
|
GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $12,900 (2008 est.) $12,100 (2007 est.) $11,300 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 7.3% industry: 30.5% services: 62.2% (2008 est.)
|
Labor force | | 2.67 million (2008 est.)
|
Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 7.5% industry: 35.5% services: 57% (2007 est.)
|
Unemployment rate(%) | | 6.3% (2008 est.) 7.7% (2007 est.)
|
Population below poverty line(%) | | 14.1% (2003 est.)
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 25.5% (2007)
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index | | 30.7 (2007) 26.4 (2001)
|
Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 33.4% of GDP (2008 est.)
|
Budget | | revenues: $22.24 billion expenditures: $20.74 billion (2008 est.)
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 12.3% (2008 est.) 9.8% (2007 est.)
|
Stock of money | | $14.29 billion (31 December 2008) $15.58 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of quasi money | | $19.67 billion (31 December 2008) $17.03 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of domestic credit | | $32.04 billion (31 December 2008) $25.18 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Market value of publicly traded shares | | $8.858 billion (31 December 2008) $21.79 billion (31 December 2007) $10.32 billion (31 December 2006)
|
Economic aid - recipient | | $742 million (2005-06 est.)
|
Public debt(% of GDP) | | 14.1% of GDP (2008 est.) 41.9% of GDP (2004 est.)
|
Agriculture - products | | vegetables, fruits, tobacco, wine, wheat, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets; livestock
|
Industries | | electricity, gas, water; food, beverages, tobacco; machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel
|
Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 1.5% (2008 est.)
|
Current account balance | | -$12.65 billion (2008 est.) -$8.716 billion (2007 est.)
|
Exports | | $22.71 billion (2008 est.) $18.58 billion (2007 est.)
|
Exports - commodities(%) | | clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels
|
Exports - partners(%) | | Greece 9.9%, Germany 9.2%, Turkey 8.9%, Italy 8.5%, Romania 7.2%, Belgium 5.9%, France 4.1% (2008)
|
Imports | | $35.64 billion (2008 est.) $28.65 billion (2007 est.)
|
Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw materials
|
Imports - partners(%) | | Russia 14.6%, Germany 11.8%, Italy 7.9%, Ukraine 7.3%, Romania 5.6%, Turkey 5.5%, Greece 5.4%, Austria 4.1% (2008)
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $17.93 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $17.54 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Debt - external | | $51.46 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $42.62 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $42.91 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $33.91 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $1.292 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $559 million (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Exchange rates | | leva (BGN) per US dollar - 1.3171 (2008 est.), 1.4366 (2007), 1.5576 (2006), 1.5741 (2005), 1.5751 (2004)
|
Currency (code) | | lev (BGN)
|
Telephones - main lines in use | | 2.258 million (2008)
|
Telephones - mobile cellular | | 10.633 million (2008)
|
Telephone system | | general assessment: an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era; quality has improved; the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 when alternative fixed-line operators were given access to its network; a drop in fixed-line connections in recent years has been more than offset by a sharp increase in mobile-cellular telephone use fostered by multiple service providers; the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now greatly exceeds the population domestic: a fairly modern digital cable trunk line now connects switching centers in most of the regions; the others are connected by digital microwave radio relay international: country code - 359; submarine cable provides connectivity to Ukraine and Russia; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and Macedonia; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic Ocean region, 2 Intelsat in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2008)
|
Internet country code | | .bg
|
Internet users | | 2.647 million (2008)
|
Airports | | 212 (2009)
|
Pipelines(km) | | gas 2,926 km; oil 339 km; refined products 156 km (2008)
|
Roadways(km) | | total: 40,231 km paved: 39,587 km (includes 331 km of expressways) unpaved: 644 km (2005)
|
Ports and terminals | | Burgas, Varna
|
Military branches | | Bulgarian Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Bulgarian Air Forces (Bulgarski Voennovazdyshni Sily, BVVS) (2009)
|
Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; as of May 2006, 67% of the Bulgarian Army comprised of professional soldiers; conscription ended January 2008; Air Forces and Naval Forces became fully professional at the end of 2006 (2008)
|
Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,701,979 females age 16-49: 1,691,092 (2008 est.)
|
Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,351,312 females age 16-49: 1,381,017 (2009 est.)
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 38,263 female: 36,374 (2009 est.)
|
Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 2.6% of GDP (2005 est.)
|
Disputes - international | | none
|
Electricity - production(kWh) | | 40.25 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 47.8% hydro: 8.1% nuclear: 44.1% other: 0% (2001)
|
Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 31.08 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 8.441 billion kWh (2008 est.)
|
Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 3.097 billion kWh (2008 est.)
|
Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 3,357 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 124,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 76,570 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 189,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 15 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
|
Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 300 million cu m (2008 est.)
|
Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 3.4 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
|
Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 346 (2001 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths | | 100 (2001 est.)
|
Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.2% male: 98.7% female: 97.7% (2001 census)
|
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 14 years male: 13 years female: 14 years (2006)
|
Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 4.5% of GDP (2005)
|