Despite the resumption of the Cold War, by 1980 several
longstanding problems had eased in Bulgaria. Zhivkova had bolstered
national pride and improved Bulgaria's international cultural
image; Zhivkov had eased oppression of Roman Catholics and
propaganda against the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the 1970s, and
used the 1,300th anniversary of the Bulgarian state for formal
reconciliation with Orthodox church officials; the Bulgarian media
covered an expanded range of permissible subject matter; Bulgaria
contributed equipment to a Soviet space probe launched in 1981,
heralding a new era of technological advancement; and the New
Economic Model (NEM), instituted in 1981 as the latest economic
reform program, seemingly improved the supply of consumer goods and
generally upgraded the economy.
However, Zhivkova's death and East-West tensions dealt serious
blows to cultural liberalization; by 1984 the Bulgarian Writers'
Conference was calling for greater ideological content and optimism
in literature. Once fully implemented in 1982, NEM was unable to
improve the quality or quantity of Bulgarian goods and produce. In
1983 Zhivkov harshly criticized all of Bulgarian industry and
agriculture in a major speech, but the reforms generated by his
speech did nothing to improve the situation. A large percentage of
high-quality domestic goods were shipped abroad in the early 1980s
to shrink Bulgaria's hard-currency debt, and the purchase of
Western technology was sacrificed for the same reason, crippling
technical advancement and disillusioning consumers. By 1984
Bulgaria was suffering a serious energy shortage because its
Soviet-made nuclear power plant was undependable and droughts
reduced the productivity of hydroelectric plants
(see Energy Generation
, ch. 3). Like the cutback in technology imports, this
shortage affected all of Bulgarian industry. Finally, Bulgarian
implication in the plot to assassinate Pope John Paul II in 1981
and in international drugs and weapons trading impaired the
country's international image and complicated economic relations
with the West
(see Security and Intelligence Services
, ch. 5).
The problem of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria continued into
the 1980s. Because birth rates among the Turks remained relatively
high while Bulgarians approached a zero-growth birth rate in 1980,
Bulgarian authorities sought to mitigate the impact of growing
Turkish enclaves in certain regions. While Bulgaria discontinued
its liberal 1969 emigration agreement with Turkey (presumably to
prevent a shortage of unskilled labor resulting from free movement
of Turkish workers back to their homeland), in 1984 Bulgaria began
a massive campaign to erase the national identity of Turkish
citizens by forcing them to take Bulgarian names. Official
propaganda justified forced assimilation with the assertion that
the only "Turks" in Bulgaria were descended from the Bulgarians who
had adopted Islam after the Ottoman occupation in the fourteenth
century. This campaign brought several negative results. Bulgaria's
international image, already damaged by events in the early 1980s,
now included official discrimination against the country's largest
ethnic minority. The resumption of terrorist attacks on civilians,
absent for many years, coincided with the new policy. And
Bulgaria's relations with Turkey, which had improved somewhat after
a visit by Turkish President Kenan Evren to Bulgaria in 1982,
suffered another setback.
Bulgaria's close reliance on the Soviet Union continued into
the 1980s, but differences began to appear. Much of Zhivkov's
success had come from the secure support of Nikita Khrushchev's
successor, Leonid Brezhnev, with whom Zhivkov had a close personal
relationship. By contrast, relations between Zhivkov and Brezhnev's
successor, Iurii V. Andropov, were tense because Zhivkov had
supported Andropov's rival Konstantin Chernenko as successor to
Brezhnev. The advent of Mikhail S. Gorbachev as Soviet party leader
in 1985 defined a new generational difference between Soviet and
Bulgarian leadership. Gorbachev immediately declared that Bulgaria
must follow his example in party reform if traditional relations
were to continue.
By this time, the image of the BCP had suffered for several
years from well-publicized careerism and corruption, and from the
remoteness and advancing age of the party leadership (Zhivkov was
seventy-four in 1985). The state bureaucracy, inordinately large in
Bulgaria since the first post-liberation government of 1878,
constituted 13.5 percent of the total national work force in 1977.
Periodic anticorruption campaigns had only temporary effects. The
ideological credibility of the party also suffered from the
apparent failure of the NEM, whose goals were being restated by
1984. Although the BCP faced no serious political opposition or
internal division in the early 1980s, the party launched campaigns
to involve Bulgarian youth more fully in party activities. But
these efforts had little impact on what party leaders perceived as
serious and widespread political apathy
(see The Bulgarian Communist (Socialist) Party
, ch. 4). Thus, by 1985 many domestic
and international signs indicated that the underpinning of the
long, stable Zhivkov era was in precarious condition.
The most comprehensive English-language treatment of Bulgarian
history is Richard J. Crampton's A Short History of Modern
Bulgaria, which covers in detail the period from liberation
(1878) to 1985. The Bulgarian Communist Party from Blagoev to
Zhivkov, by John D. Bell, provides a political history from the
viewpoint of the BCP, beginning with the pre-1900 origins of that
party and concluding in 1984. Modern Bulgaria: History, Policy,
Economy, Culture, edited by Georgi Bokov, contains a long
historical section whose useful detail can be separated from its
bias as a state publication of the Zhivkov era. Cyril Black's
chapter "Bulgaria in Historical Perspective" in Bulgaria
(edited by L.A.D. Dellin) is a balanced overview and perspective of
all periods of Bulgarian history. And the "History and Political
Traditions" chapter of Robert J. McIntyre's Bulgaria: Politics,
Economics, and Society describes the evolution of political
institutions from the First Bulgarian Empire to the late 1980s.
(For further information and complete citations,
see
Bibliography.)
|
Background | | The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the local Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman Turks. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty election since World War II and began the contentious process of moving toward political democracy and a market economy while combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. The country joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.
|
|
Location | | Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey
|
|
Area(sq km) | | total: 110,879 sq km
land: 108,489 sq km
water: 2,390 sq km
|
|
Geographic coordinates | | 43 00 N, 25 00 E
|
|
Land boundaries(km) | | total: 1,808 km
border countries: Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia 318 km, Turkey 240 km
|
|
Coastline(km) | | 354 km
|
|
Climate | | temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
|
|
Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Musala 2,925 m
|
|
Natural resources | | bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
|
|
Land use(%) | | arable land: 29.94%
permanent crops: 1.9%
other: 68.16% (2005)
|
|
Irrigated land(sq km) | | 5,880 sq km (2003)
|
|
Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 19.4 cu km (2005)
|
|
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 6.92 cu km/yr (3%/78%/19%)
per capita: 895 cu m/yr (2003)
|
|
Natural hazards | | earthquakes; landslides
|
|
Environment - current issues | | air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes
|
|
Environment - international agreements | | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
|
Geography - note | | strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia
|
|
Population | | 7,204,687 (July 2009 est.)
|
|
Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 13.8% (male 509,544/female 484,816)
15-64 years: 68.5% (male 2,426,060/female 2,508,772)
65 years and over: 17.7% (male 518,711/female 756,784) (2009 est.)
|
|
Median age(years) | | total: 41.4 years
male: 39.2 years
female: 43.6 years (2009 est.)
|
|
Population growth rate(%) | | -0.79% (2009 est.)
|
|
Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 9.51 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
|
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 14.31 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
|
|
Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -3.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
|
Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 71% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: -0.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
|
|
Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|
|
Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 17.87 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.28 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 73.09 years
male: 69.48 years
female: 76.91 years (2009 est.)
|
|
Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 1.41 children born/woman (2009 est.)
|
|
Nationality | | noun: Bulgarian(s)
adjective: Bulgarian
|
|
Ethnic groups(%) | | Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)
|
|
Religions(%) | | Bulgarian Orthodox 82.6%, Muslim 12.2%, other Christian 1.2%, other 4% (2001 census)
|
|
Languages(%) | | Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish 9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
|
|
Country name | | conventional long form: Republic of Bulgaria
conventional short form: Bulgaria
local long form: Republika Balgariya
local short form: Balgariya
|
|
Government type | | parliamentary democracy
|
|
Capital | | name: Sofia
geographic coordinates: 42 41 N, 23 19 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
|
|
Administrative divisions | | 28 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Khaskovo, Kurdzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofiya, Sofiya-Grad, Stara Zagora, Turgovishte, Varna, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol
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|
Constitution | | adopted 12 July 1991
|
|
Legal system | | civil and criminal law based on Roman law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
|
|
Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
|
|
Executive branch | | chief of state: President Georgi PARVANOV (since 22 January 2002); Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Boyko BORISSOV (since 27 July 2009); Deputy Prime Ministers Simeon DJANKOV and Tsvetan TSVETANOV (since 27 July 2009);
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 22 and 29 October 2006 (next to be held in 2011); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly
election results: Georgi PARVANOV reelected president; percent of vote - Georgi PARVANOV 77.3%, Volen SIDEROV 22.7%; Boyko BORISSOV elected prime minister, result of legislative vote - 162 to 77 with 1 abstension
|
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Legislative branch | | unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie (240 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 5 July 2009 (next to be held mid-2013)
election results: percent of vote by party - GERB 39.7%, BSP 17.7%, MRF 14.4%, ATAKA 9.4%, Blue Coalition 6.8%, RZS 4.1%, other 7.9%; seats by party - GERB 116, BSP 40, MRF 38, ATAKA 21, Blue Coalition 15, RZS 10
|
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Judicial branch | | independent judiciary comprised of judges, prosecutors and investigating magistrates who are appointed, promoted, demoted, and dismissed by a 25-member Supreme Judicial Council (consists of the chairmen of the two Supreme Courts, the Chief Prosecutor, and 22 members, half of whom are elected by the National Assembly and the other half by the bodies of the judiciary for a 5-year term in office); three levels of case review; 182 courts of which two Supreme Courts act as the last instance on civil and criminal cases (the Supreme Court of Cassation) and appeals of government decisions (the Supreme Administrative Court)
|
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Political pressure groups and leaders | | Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB; Podkrepa Labor Confederation
other: numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas
|
|
International organization participation | | ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
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Flag description | | three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue
note: the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed
|
|
Economy - overview | | Bulgaria, a former Communist country that entered the EU on 1 January 2007, has experienced strong growth since a major economic downturn in 1996. Successive governments have demonstrated a commitment to economic reforms and responsible fiscal planning, but have failed so far to rein in rising inflation and large current account deficits. Bulgaria has averaged more than 6% growth since 2004, attracting significant amounts of foreign direct investment, but corruption in the public administration, a weak judiciary, and the presence of organized crime remain significant challenges.
|
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $93.98 billion (2008 est.)
$88.66 billion (2007 est.)
$83.48 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate) | | $49.9 billion (2008)
|
|
GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 6% (2008 est.)
6.2% (2007 est.)
6.3% (2006 est.)
|
|
GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $12,900 (2008 est.)
$12,100 (2007 est.)
$11,300 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
|
GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 7.3%
industry: 30.5%
services: 62.2% (2008 est.)
|
|
Labor force | | 2.67 million (2008 est.)
|
|
Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 7.5%
industry: 35.5%
services: 57% (2007 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate(%) | | 6.3% (2008 est.)
7.7% (2007 est.)
|
|
Population below poverty line(%) | | 14.1% (2003 est.)
|
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 25.5% (2007)
|
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index | | 30.7 (2007)
26.4 (2001)
|
|
Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 33.4% of GDP (2008 est.)
|
|
Budget | | revenues: $22.24 billion
expenditures: $20.74 billion (2008 est.)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 12.3% (2008 est.)
9.8% (2007 est.)
|
|
Stock of money | | $14.29 billion (31 December 2008)
$15.58 billion (31 December 2007)
|
|
Stock of quasi money | | $19.67 billion (31 December 2008)
$17.03 billion (31 December 2007)
|
|
Stock of domestic credit | | $32.04 billion (31 December 2008)
$25.18 billion (31 December 2007)
|
|
Market value of publicly traded shares | | $8.858 billion (31 December 2008)
$21.79 billion (31 December 2007)
$10.32 billion (31 December 2006)
|
|
Economic aid - recipient | | $742 million (2005-06 est.)
|
|
Public debt(% of GDP) | | 14.1% of GDP (2008 est.)
41.9% of GDP (2004 est.)
|
|
Agriculture - products | | vegetables, fruits, tobacco, wine, wheat, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets; livestock
|
|
Industries | | electricity, gas, water; food, beverages, tobacco; machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel
|
|
Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 1.5% (2008 est.)
|
|
Current account balance | | -$12.65 billion (2008 est.)
-$8.716 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports | | $22.71 billion (2008 est.)
$18.58 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports - commodities(%) | | clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels
|
|
Exports - partners(%) | | Greece 9.9%, Germany 9.2%, Turkey 8.9%, Italy 8.5%, Romania 7.2%, Belgium 5.9%, France 4.1% (2008)
|
|
Imports | | $35.64 billion (2008 est.)
$28.65 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw materials
|
|
Imports - partners(%) | | Russia 14.6%, Germany 11.8%, Italy 7.9%, Ukraine 7.3%, Romania 5.6%, Turkey 5.5%, Greece 5.4%, Austria 4.1% (2008)
|
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $17.93 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$17.54 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
|
Debt - external | | $51.46 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$42.62 billion (31 December 2007)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $42.91 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$33.91 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $1.292 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$559 million (31 December 2007 est.)
|
|
Exchange rates | | leva (BGN) per US dollar - 1.3171 (2008 est.), 1.4366 (2007), 1.5576 (2006), 1.5741 (2005), 1.5751 (2004)
|
|
Currency (code) | | lev (BGN)
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use | | 2.258 million (2008)
|
|
Telephones - mobile cellular | | 10.633 million (2008)
|
|
Telephone system | | general assessment: an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era; quality has improved; the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 when alternative fixed-line operators were given access to its network; a drop in fixed-line connections in recent years has been more than offset by a sharp increase in mobile-cellular telephone use fostered by multiple service providers; the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now greatly exceeds the population
domestic: a fairly modern digital cable trunk line now connects switching centers in most of the regions; the others are connected by digital microwave radio relay
international: country code - 359; submarine cable provides connectivity to Ukraine and Russia; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and Macedonia; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic Ocean region, 2 Intelsat in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2008)
|
|
Internet country code | | .bg
|
|
Internet users | | 2.647 million (2008)
|
|
Airports | | 212 (2009)
|
|
Pipelines(km) | | gas 2,926 km; oil 339 km; refined products 156 km (2008)
|
|
Roadways(km) | | total: 40,231 km
paved: 39,587 km (includes 331 km of expressways)
unpaved: 644 km (2005)
|
|
Ports and terminals | | Burgas, Varna
|
|
Military branches | | Bulgarian Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Bulgarian Air Forces (Bulgarski Voennovazdyshni Sily, BVVS) (2009)
|
|
Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; as of May 2006, 67% of the Bulgarian Army comprised of professional soldiers; conscription ended January 2008; Air Forces and Naval Forces became fully professional at the end of 2006 (2008)
|
|
Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,701,979
females age 16-49: 1,691,092 (2008 est.)
|
|
Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,351,312
females age 16-49: 1,381,017 (2009 est.)
|
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 38,263
female: 36,374 (2009 est.)
|
|
Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 2.6% of GDP (2005 est.)
|
|
Disputes - international | | none
|
|
Electricity - production(kWh) | | 40.25 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
|
Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 47.8%
hydro: 8.1%
nuclear: 44.1%
other: 0% (2001)
|
|
Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 31.08 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
|
Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 8.441 billion kWh (2008 est.)
|
|
Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 3.097 billion kWh (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 3,357 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 124,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 76,570 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
|
Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 189,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
|
Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 15 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 300 million cu m (2008 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 3.4 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
|
|
Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 346 (2001 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths | | 100 (2001 est.)
|
|
Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.2%
male: 98.7%
female: 97.7% (2001 census)
|
|
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 14 years
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2006)
|
|
Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 4.5% of GDP (2005)
|
