MONGABAY.COM
Mongabay.com seeks to raise interest in and appreciation of wild lands and wildlife, while examining the impact of emerging trends in climate, technology, economics, and finance on conservation and development (more)
WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
|
|
Brazil Index
For reasons of property transmission and religion, Brazilian society was originally strongly patriarchal, but there was also strong tension between rigid norms of Iberian origin and the extenuating circumstances of frontier life, where conditions were not favorable for compliance with the norms. The difficulty of putting Roman Catholic values into effective practice in the context of poverty, isolation, and unbalanced male/female sex ratios (number of men per 100 women) reinforced the Mediterranean double moral standard for men and women. Men were expected to demonstrate their masculinity, while proper women were supposed to remain virgins until marriage and to be faithful to their husbands. This double standard also favored frequent consensual unions, illegitimacy, and prostitution. Such behavior was not entirely acceptable but was tolerated more readily in Brazil, generally speaking, than in North America and the rest of Latin America.
Although women were allowed open access to schools and employment around the turn of the century and suffrage on a national level in 1933, they were not on an equal footing with men in family affairs. Men were automatically heads of households, and married women were legally subordinate to their husbands. Because of the inconvenience caused by informal remarriage, divorce was made legal in 1977. Under the constitution of 1988, women became entirely equal to men for all legal purposes.
Female participation in the labor force grew dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s, as a result of new employment patterns, especially the expansion of the services sector, and economic pressures on family income. Women are most commonly employed as domestic servants. The economic participation of women in Brazil rose from 18 percent in 1970 to 27 percent by 1980 and 30 percent by 1990 (although such figures might underestimate actual rates of participation by failing to include the informal activities that characterize small and/or household enterprises). More than 70 percent of women in the labor force are employed by the services sector (as compared with 42 percent of men), and women tend to be underrepresented among the formal labor force in agricultural and industrial activities. Patterns of labor force participation vary considerably by region. In the early 1990s, rates of female labor force participation ranged from 36.8 percent in Rio de Janeiro to 33.1 percent in the Northeast. In Brazil, as in most other countries in Latin America, rates of females participating in the job market appear to increase with education, especially the proportion of single educated women entering the formal sector rather than the informal and self-employed sectors.
There is a considerable wage gap between men and women. According to one recent estimate, the differential between women and men is less pronounced in urban areas (for example, women earn on average 77.8 percent of men's wages in Rio de Janeiro and 73.6 percent in São Paulo), and most pronounced in the Northeast (where, on average, women earn 63.5 percent of the wages of men). Average wages are also considerably lower in the Northeast, where women's average hourly wages are 42 percent of the prevailing average in Rio de Janeiro. According to recent economic studies, only a small portion (between 11 percent and 19 percent of wage differentials in the formal labor force) can be attributed to differences between men and women in their endowments (such as education or experience). For the most part, the wage gap probably reflects discriminatory practices.
Recent decades have also been characterized by significant changes in family structures. For example, the available data suggest a considerable increase over the past decades in female-headed households, which include the poorest of the poor, from 13 percent in 1970 to 16 percent in 1980 and 20 percent by the late 1980s. This process has been termed the "feminization of poverty." Once again, there are considerable differences among regions; in the urban North Region, for example, over 24 percent of households were headed by women in the late 1980s, while their relative share in the South was closer to 16 percent.
Despite persistent gender inequality, the status of women in Brazil is improving on various fronts. As a rule, there are as many females as males in schools, even at the highest levels, and professions that traditionally were dominated by males, such as law, medicine, dentistry, and engineering, are becoming more balanced in terms of gender, if there are not already more women students than men. More women than men are in the National Lawyers' Association (Associação Nacional dos Advogados). The attitudes and practices of young people are generally not as sexist as those of their parents, at least among youth of families with higher income and education.
Nevertheless, there are still relatively few women in positions of power. They have a significant, albeit limited, presence in high levels of federal government, although they have better representation at the state and municipal levels. Since the government of João Baptista do Oliveira Figueiredo (president, 1979-85), several female ministers have been in the cabinet, and in 1994 two women were candidates for vice president. By 1994 women made up only 7 percent of the Congress (see Women in Politics, ch. 4).
Women's movements grew in the 1980s, when a National Council on Women's Rights (Conselho Nacional de Direitos da Mulher--CNDM) was created. Originally, the feminist movement was closely connected to human rights movements and resistance to the military regime. In the 1980s and 1990s, attention shifted to violence against women, especially domestic violence and sexual abuse and harassment. One original response to this kind of problem was the creation of special police stations for women. Women's movements also mobilized support for reproductive health and rights, as defined in the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo.
Data as of April 1997
Brazil inherited a highly stratified society from the colonial system and from slavery, which persisted for nearly three generations after independence in 1822. The legacy of sharp socioeconomic stratification is reflected in Brazil's highly skewed income distribution, among the world's worst (see Inequality and Poverty, ch. 3). The relatively high average per capita income (US$4,086 in 1995) masks deep inequality. During the postwar period, income concentration and regional disequilibrium did not change significantly despite numerous government policies aimed at greater equity. Poverty was widespread, reaching the lowest levels in the rural parts of the Northeast, but also including pockets of urban poverty in the largest cities in the developed regions. In 1990 the number of indigents suffering from extreme poverty (see Glossary) was estimated to be at least 32 million, about one-fifth of the country's total population. This included an estimated 9.6 percent of the residents of metropolitan areas, 18.4 percent of the population of other urban areas, and 42.8 percent of the rural population.
Socioeconomic inequality involves subtle forms of residential, educational, and workplace discrimination, in such ways that members of distinct socioeconomic strata tend to live, work, and circulate in different settings. The well-to-do live in chic neighborhoods, usually centrally located, go to private schools, drive or ride in cars, and shop at malls. The urban poor live in favelas or distant housing projects, take long bus trips to work, go to public schools or drop out, and shop at smaller supermarkets or local shops. The rural poor in the country's interior are practically invisible to the urban upper and middle classes.
Despite such social segregation, class solidarity is not strong. Instead of horizontal class ties, numerous cross-cutting vertical relationships involve personal dependence on individuals who have more property and prestige. Given the circumstances, these relationships of clientelism and paternalism are advantageous for both patrons and clients. Because of the lack of effective government services and real possibilities for class action, the poor have few alternatives but to seek the protection of patrons. The traditional rural forms of patronage have been described as colonelism (coronelismo
--see Glossary), referring to the fact that rural bosses often had military titles (see The Old or First Republic, 1889-1930, ch. 1). Among other things, colonels (coronéis
) used their influence over their clientele for electoral purposes. Such vertical interpersonal ties continue to be stronger in rural areas, especially in the Northeast, but they also persist in other forms in urban settings and at various levels of the socioeconomic scale. Even members of the modern middle class tend to have lower-income persons or families dependent on them for such things as domestic employment and economic or health emergencies. They, in turn, seek help from powerful friends and relatives.
Contrary to dualistic stereotypes of Latin American societies, Brazilian class structure cannot be reduced to a wealthy landed elite versus masses of poor peasants and workers. The middle sectors or classes have been significant at least since the nineteenth century. Sectors of Brazil's population that were neither slave owners nor slaves began to grow in the colonial period, when craftsmen, shopkeepers, small farmers, freed slaves, and persons of mixed racial origin began to outnumber slave owners and eventually slaves. During the twentieth century, the middle sectors continued to grow. The present middle class does not own large properties, industries, or firms but also is not destitute. It consists largely of a technical work force--clerks, professionals, teachers, salespersons, public servants, and highly skilled workers. Its position is based more on knowledge and skills than on property. A surge of upward mobility strengthened the middle class during the "economic miracle" in the late 1960s and early 1970s. At the same time, blue-collar workers with middle to low levels of skills constitute a lower middle class that is numerically very significant.
In addition to those formally employed, many workers are in the so-called informal economy (see Glossary), which includes self-employed businessmen and workers who do not have the legal protection of labor legislation. In 1990 the informal sector accounted for nearly half of the economically active population. The informal sector grows in times of recession because of unemployment and during times of prosperity, when opportunities for making money are more readily available. A survey released in 1996 by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística--IBGE) showed that only 85 percent of those questioned wanted to seek formal employment.
Increasingly, the system of social stratification that was originally based on property (land or industry) has evolved in such a way that individuals who acquire special technical skills or know-how are able to earn reasonable incomes. Outside these two groups of propertied or skilled individuals lies a significant mass, perhaps a majority, that is excluded in the sense of limited participation in markets and poor access to government services, such as health, education, and sanitation.
Gender
For reasons of property transmission and religion, Brazilian society was originally strongly patriarchal, but there was also strong tension between rigid norms of Iberian origin and the extenuating circumstances of frontier life, where conditions were not favorable for compliance with the norms. The difficulty of putting Roman Catholic values into effective practice in the context of poverty, isolation, and unbalanced male/female sex ratios (number of men per 100 women) reinforced the Mediterranean double moral standard for men and women. Men were expected to demonstrate their masculinity, while proper women were supposed to remain virgins until marriage and to be faithful to their husbands. This double standard also favored frequent consensual unions, illegitimacy, and prostitution. Such behavior was not entirely acceptable but was tolerated more readily in Brazil, generally speaking, than in North America and the rest of Latin America.
Although women were allowed open access to schools and employment around the turn of the century and suffrage on a national level in 1933, they were not on an equal footing with men in family affairs. Men were automatically heads of households, and married women were legally subordinate to their husbands. Because of the inconvenience caused by informal remarriage, divorce was made legal in 1977. Under the constitution of 1988, women became entirely equal to men for all legal purposes.
Female participation in the labor force grew dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s, as a result of new employment patterns, especially the expansion of the services sector, and economic pressures on family income. Women are most commonly employed as domestic servants. The economic participation of women in Brazil rose from 18 percent in 1970 to 27 percent by 1980 and 30 percent by 1990 (although such figures might underestimate actual rates of participation by failing to include the informal activities that characterize small and/or household enterprises). More than 70 percent of women in the labor force are employed by the services sector (as compared with 42 percent of men), and women tend to be underrepresented among the formal labor force in agricultural and industrial activities. Patterns of labor force participation vary considerably by region. In the early 1990s, rates of female labor force participation ranged from 36.8 percent in Rio de Janeiro to 33.1 percent in the Northeast. In Brazil, as in most other countries in Latin America, rates of females participating in the job market appear to increase with education, especially the proportion of single educated women entering the formal sector rather than the informal and self-employed sectors.
There is a considerable wage gap between men and women. According to one recent estimate, the differential between women and men is less pronounced in urban areas (for example, women earn on average 77.8 percent of men's wages in Rio de Janeiro and 73.6 percent in São Paulo), and most pronounced in the Northeast (where, on average, women earn 63.5 percent of the wages of men). Average wages are also considerably lower in the Northeast, where women's average hourly wages are 42 percent of the prevailing average in Rio de Janeiro. According to recent economic studies, only a small portion (between 11 percent and 19 percent of wage differentials in the formal labor force) can be attributed to differences between men and women in their endowments (such as education or experience). For the most part, the wage gap probably reflects discriminatory practices.
Recent decades have also been characterized by significant changes in family structures. For example, the available data suggest a considerable increase over the past decades in female-headed households, which include the poorest of the poor, from 13 percent in 1970 to 16 percent in 1980 and 20 percent by the late 1980s. This process has been termed the "feminization of poverty." Once again, there are considerable differences among regions; in the urban North Region, for example, over 24 percent of households were headed by women in the late 1980s, while their relative share in the South was closer to 16 percent.
Despite persistent gender inequality, the status of women in Brazil is improving on various fronts. As a rule, there are as many females as males in schools, even at the highest levels, and professions that traditionally were dominated by males, such as law, medicine, dentistry, and engineering, are becoming more balanced in terms of gender, if there are not already more women students than men. More women than men are in the National Lawyers' Association (Associação Nacional dos Advogados). The attitudes and practices of young people are generally not as sexist as those of their parents, at least among youth of families with higher income and education.
Nevertheless, there are still relatively few women in positions of power. They have a significant, albeit limited, presence in high levels of federal government, although they have better representation at the state and municipal levels. Since the government of João Baptista do Oliveira Figueiredo (president, 1979-85), several female ministers have been in the cabinet, and in 1994 two women were candidates for vice president. By 1994 women made up only 7 percent of the Congress (see Women in Politics, ch. 4).
Women's movements grew in the 1980s, when a National Council on Women's Rights (Conselho Nacional de Direitos da Mulher--CNDM) was created. Originally, the feminist movement was closely connected to human rights movements and resistance to the military regime. In the 1980s and 1990s, attention shifted to violence against women, especially domestic violence and sexual abuse and harassment. One original response to this kind of problem was the creation of special police stations for women. Women's movements also mobilized support for reproductive health and rights, as defined in the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo.
Data as of April 1997
- Brazil-Brazil and International Conflicts, 1917-95
- Brazil-Women in Politics
- Brazil-State and Local Governments
- Brazil-The Political Party System
- Brazil-The Second Empire, 1840-89 The Regency Era, 1831-40
- Brazil-The Presidential Election of 1989 Elections
- Brazil-Growth of Social and Environmental Movements Conflict and Nonviolence
- Brazil-Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
- Brazil-The Physical Setting
- Brazil-The Services Sector Nuclear Power
- Brazil-Brazil's Real Plan
- Brazil-Civil-Military Relations, 1985-94
- Brazil-The Military Republic, 1964-85
- Brazil-Trade Patterns and Regional Economic Integration
- Brazil-Defense Expenditures
- Brazil-Organization of the Armed Forces
- Brazil-The 1981-84 Period
- Brazil-Transportation and Communications
- Brazil-Cardoso's Presidency, 1995
- Brazil-Multilateral Relations Foreign Policy Decision Making
- Brazil-Cultural Unity and Diversity
- Brazil-Rural Groups
- Brazil-Missile Programs
- Brazil-Mass Communications Language
- Brazil-The Elderly Youth
- Brazil-Social Security Public Health and Welfare
- Brazil-Economic Outlook
- Brazil-Emperor Pedro I, 1822-31 The Empire, 1822-89
- Brazil-Fiscal Trends in the 1980s Fiscal and Monetary Policy, the Public Sector, and Inflation
- Brazil-Table A - Selected Acronyms and Abbreviations
- Brazil-The Post-Vargas Republic, 1954-64
- Brazil-Science and Technology as Modernization, 1945-64 The Search for Alternatives
- Brazil-Brazil
- Brazil-Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia Conscription
- Brazil-Democratic Labor Party
- Brazil-Literacy Education
- Brazil-The Legislature
- Brazil-National Security
- Brazil-Family and Kinship
- Brazil-Religion
- Brazil-Federal Police Security Forces
- Brazil-Migration and Urbanization
- Brazil-Social Structure
- Brazil-Country
- Brazil-Geography
- Brazil-Employment and Earnings
- Brazil-Penal Institutions
- Brazil-Toward the Future
- Brazil-Minor Parties in Congress
- Brazil-The Environment Center-West
- Brazil-Nuclear Programs
- Brazil-Society
- Brazil-Airports
- Brazil-The 1990-94 Period
- Brazil-The Labor Force and Income Levels
- Brazil-The Judiciary
- Brazil-The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54
- Brazil-Preface
- Brazil-Fishing Livestock
- Brazil-Housing Sanitation and Public Utilities
- Brazil-Energy
- Brazil-The Colonial Era, 1500-1815
- Brazil-The Indigenous Population
- Brazil-Amerindians Race and Ethnicity
- Brazil-Principal Research Libraries
- Brazil-Social Conflict and Participation
- Brazil-Population Size and Distribution Population
- Brazil-Mining Industry
- Brazil-Science for Industrial Competitiveness
- Brazil-The Computer Industry Policy
- Brazil-Africa The Middle East
- Brazil-Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
- Brazil-Party of National Reconstruction
- Brazil-General Elections, 1994
- Brazil-University Research and Graduate Education Research and Development
- Brazil-Chapter 5 - National Security
- Brazil-Inland Waterways
- Brazil-Women in the Armed Forces Officer Recruitment
- Brazil-Indicators of Health Health Status and Health Care
- Brazil-Stagnation, Inflation, and Crisis, 1981-94 Growth with Debt, 1974-80
- Brazil-Applied Science in Agriculture and Health Imperial Science
- Brazil-Telecommunications
- Brazil-Other Activities by the Federal Government The Coordination of High-Level Personnel Training
- Brazil-Air Force
- Brazil-Personnel and Training
- Brazil-Agriculture Structure of Production
- Brazil-Colleges and Universities Primary and Secondary Schools
- Brazil-The Foreign Service Foreign Relations
- Brazil-Railroads
- Brazil-The Brazilian Way
- Brazil-Constitutional Framework
- Brazil-Brazilian Communist Party
- Brazil-Franco's Presidency, 1992-94 Collor de Mello's Presidency, 1990-92
- Brazil-The Internal Security Mission, 1964-85 From Moderator to Director, 1930-85
- Brazil-Liberal Front Party
- Brazil-The Lobbying Process Interest Groups
- Brazil-Acknowledgments
- Brazil-Soils and Vegetation
- Brazil-Government and Politics
- Brazil-Chapter 6 - Science and Technology
- Brazil-Colonial Science Historical Evolution
- Brazil-Exchange-Rate and Balance of Payments Policies
- Brazil-Privatization
- Brazil-Interest Group Politics
- Brazil-Municipal Elections, 1996
- Brazil-Foreword
- Brazil-Europe Latin America
- Brazil-Education and Training
- Brazil-Early Colonization
- Brazil-Stagnation and Spectacular Growth, 1962-80 Import-Substitution Industrialization, 1945-64
- Brazil-Inequality and Poverty Earnings
- Brazil-Army Command and Control
- Brazil-Defense Industries
- Brazil-Mission of the Armed Forces
- Brazil-Table B - Chronology of Important Events
- Brazil-Stagnation, 1962-67
- Brazil-Civic Action The Military Role in Counter-Drug Actions
- Brazil
- Brazil-Trade Policies
- Brazil-Gold Mining Displaces Cane Farming French and Dutch Incursions
- Brazil-The Ministry of Science and Technology Administration of Science and Technology
- Brazil-Early History The Military Role in Society and Government
- Brazil-The Electoral System
- Brazil-Crime and Punishment
- Brazil-State Police
- Brazil
- Brazil-United States Asia
- Brazil-Foreign Military Influence
- Brazil-The Military Role in the Intelligence Services
- Brazil-Technological Research in the Private Sector Research in State-Owned Corporations
- Brazil-Chapter 3 - The Economy
- Brazil-Historical Background and Economic Growth
- Brazil-Capital Flows and the External Debt Exchange Rates and Foreign Trade
- Brazil
- Brazil-The Strategic Affairs Secretariat, 1990-94 The National Intelligence Service, 1964-90
- Brazil-The Military in the Amazon The Military Mission since 1988
- Brazil
- Brazil
- Brazil-Sociology of the Officer Corps
- Brazil
- Brazil-The São Paulo Science and Technology System Science and Technology in the States
- Brazil-Major Parties in Congress Historical Origins and Evolution
- Brazil
- Brazil-Fertility Mortality
- Brazil
- Brazil-The Funding Authority for Studies and Projects National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
- Brazil
- Brazil-Party Legislation Regional Strength of the Parties
- Brazil-Country Profile
- Brazil-Gender Social Classes
- Brazil-The Kingdom of Portugal and Brazil, 1815-21
- Brazil-The Transition to Kingdom Status
- Brazil-North
- Brazil-Brazilian Social Democracy Party
- Brazil-Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
- Brazil
- Brazil-Political Culture
- Brazil
- Brazil-The Economy at Independence, 1822 The Eighteenth-Century Gold Rush
- Brazil-Navy
- Brazil-Other Religions Roman Catholicism
- Brazil-The Colonial Period
- Brazil-The Executive Structure of Government
- Brazil-Geographic Regions Climate
- Brazil-A Period of Sweeping Change, 1930-45 The Coffee Economy, 1840-1930
- Brazil-The Space Program
- Brazil-Progressive Renewal Party
- Brazil-Inclusion and Exclusion
- Brazil-Municipal Elections, 1992 Congressional and State Elections, 1990
- Brazil-Southeast
- Brazil-Frontier Expansion That Shaped Brazil
- Brazil-The Media
- Brazil-Policy Perspectives Centers of Excellence
- Brazil
- Brazil-Petroleum
Background | | Following more than three centuries under Portuguese rule, Brazil peacefully gained its independence in 1822, maintaining a monarchical system of government until the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the subsequent proclamation of a republic by the military in 1889. Brazilian coffee exporters politically dominated the country until populist leader Getulio VARGAS rose to power in 1930. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil underwent more than half a century of populist and military government until 1985, when the military regime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of its interior. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South America's leading economic power and a regional leader. Highly unequal income distribution and crime remain pressing problems.
|
Location | | Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean
|
Area(sq km) | | total: 8,514,877 sq km land: 8,459,417 sq km water: 55,460 sq km note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
|
Geographic coordinates | | 10 00 S, 55 00 W
|
Land boundaries(km) | | total: 16,885 km border countries: Argentina 1,261 km, Bolivia 3,423 km, Colombia 1,644 km, French Guiana 730 km, Guyana 1,606 km, Paraguay 1,365 km, Peru 2,995 km, Suriname 593 km, Uruguay 1,068 km, Venezuela 2,200 km
|
Coastline(km) | | 7,491 km
|
Climate | | mostly tropical, but temperate in south
|
Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m
|
Natural resources | | bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber
|
Land use(%) | | arable land: 6.93% permanent crops: 0.89% other: 92.18% (2005)
|
Irrigated land(sq km) | | 29,200 sq km (2003)
|
Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 8,233 cu km (2000)
|
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 59.3 cu km/yr (20%/18%/62%) per capita: 318 cu m/yr (2000)
|
Natural hazards | | recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south
|
Environment - current issues | | deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills
|
Environment - international agreements | | party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
Geography - note | | largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador
|
Population | | 198,739,269 note: Brazil conducted a census in August 2000, which reported a population of 169,872,855; that figure was about 3.8% lower than projections by the US Census Bureau, and is close to the implied underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census (July 2009 est.)
|
Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 26.7% (male 27,092,880/female 26,062,244) 15-64 years: 66.8% (male 65,804,108/female 67,047,725) 65 years and over: 6.4% (male 5,374,230/female 7,358,082) (2009 est.)
|
Median age(years) | | total: 28.6 years male: 27.8 years female: 29.3 years (2009 est.)
|
Population growth rate(%) | | 1.199% (2009 est.)
|
Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 18.43 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 6.35 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
|
Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -0.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 86% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 1.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
|
Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|
Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 22.58 deaths/1,000 live births male: 26.16 deaths/1,000 live births female: 18.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
|
Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 71.99 years male: 68.43 years female: 75.73 years (2009 est.)
|
Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 2.21 children born/woman (2009 est.)
|
Nationality | | noun: Brazilian(s) adjective: Brazilian
|
Ethnic groups(%) | | white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black 6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified 0.7% (2000 census)
|
Religions(%) | | Roman Catholic (nominal) 73.6%, Protestant 15.4%, Spiritualist 1.3%, Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.2%, none 7.4% (2000 census)
|
Languages(%) | | Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language); note - less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages
|
Country name | | conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil conventional short form: Brazil local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil local short form: Brasil
|
Government type | | federal republic
|
Capital | | name: Brasilia geographic coordinates: 15 47 S, 47 55 W time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins third Sunday in October; ends third Sunday in February note: Brazil is divided into four time zones, including one for the Fernando de Noronha Islands
|
Administrative divisions | | 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins
|
Constitution | | 5-Oct-88
|
Legal system | | based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
Suffrage | | voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age; note - military conscripts do not vote
|
Executive branch | | chief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA da Silva (since 1 January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR Gomes da Silva (since 1 January 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA da Silva (since 1 January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR Gomes da Silva (since 1 January 2003) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held 1 October 2006 with runoff 29 October 2006 (next to be held 3 October 2010 and, if necessary, 31 October 2010) election results: Luiz Inacio LULA da Silva (PT) reelected president - 60.83%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 39.17%
|
Legislative branch | | bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; 3 members from each state and federal district elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third and two-thirds elected every four years, alternately) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: Federal Senate - last held 1 October 2006 for one-third of the Senate (next to be held in October 2010 for two-thirds of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 1 October 2006 (next to be held in October 2010) election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PFL 6, PSDB 5, PMDB 4, PTB 3, PT 2, PDT 1, PSB 1, PL 1, PPS 1, PRTB 1, PP 1, PCdoB 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PMDB 89, PT 83, PFL 65, PSDB 65, PP 42, PSB 27, PDT 24, PL 23, PTB 22, PPS 21, PCdoB 13, PV 13, PSC 9, other 17; note - as of 1 January 2009, the composition of the entire legislature is as follows: Federal Senate - seats by party - PMDB 21, DEM (formerly PFL) 12, PSDB 13, PT 12, PTB 7, PDT 5, PR 4, PSB 2, PCdoB 1, PRB 1, PP 1, PSC 1, PSOL 1; Chamber of Deputies - seats by party - PMDB 95, PT 79, PSDB 59, DEM (formerly PFL) 53, PR 44, PP 40, PSB 29, PDT 25, PTB 19, PPS 14, PV 14, PCdoB 13, PSC 11, PMN 5, PRB 4, PHS 3, PSOL 3, PTC 1, PTdoB 1
|
Judicial branch | | Supreme Federal Tribunal or STF (11 ministers are appointed for life by the president and confirmed by the Senate); Higher Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are appointed for life); note - though appointed "for life," judges, like all federal employees, have a mandatory retirement age of 70
|
Political pressure groups and leaders | | Landless Workers' Movement or MST other: labor unions and federations; large farmers' associations; religious groups including evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church
|
International organization participation | | AfDB (nonregional member), BIS, CAN (associate), CPLP, FAO, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, LAS (observer), Mercosur, MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Paris Club (associate), PCA, RG, SICA (observer), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
Flag description | | green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
|
Economy - overview | | Characterized by large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries and Brazil is expanding its presence in world markets. From 2003 to 2007, Brazil ran record trade surpluses and recorded its first current account surpluses since 1992. Productivity gains coupled with high commodity prices contributed to the surge in exports. Brazil improved its debt profile in 2006 by shifting its debt burden toward real denominated and domestically held instruments. LULA da Silva restated his commitment to fiscal responsibility by maintaining the country's primary surplus during the 2006 election. Following his second inauguration in October of that year, LULA da Silva announced a package of further economic reforms to reduce taxes and increase investment in infrastructure. Brazil's debt achieved investment grade status early in 2008, but the government's attempt to achieve strong growth while reducing the debt burden created inflationary pressures. For most of 2008, the Central Bank embarked on a restrictive monetary policy to stem these pressures. Since the onset of the global financial crisis in September, Brazil's currency and its stock market - Bovespa - have significantly lost value, -41% for Bovespa for the year ending 30 December 2008. Brazil incurred another current account deficit in 2008, as world demand and prices for commodities dropped in the second-half of the year.
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $1.998 trillion (2008 est.) $1.901 trillion (2007 est.) $1.798 trillion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP (official exchange rate) | | $1.573 trillion (2008 est.)
|
GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 5.1% (2008 est.) 5.7% (2007 est.) 4% (2006 est.)
|
GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $10,200 (2008 est.) $9,800 (2007 est.) $9,400 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 6.7% industry: 28% services: 65.3% (2008 est.)
|
Labor force | | 93.65 million (2008 est.)
|
Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 20% industry: 14% services: 66% (2003 est.)
|
Unemployment rate(%) | | 7.9% (2008 est.) 9.3% (2007 est.)
|
Population below poverty line(%) | | 31% (2005)
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: 1.1% highest 10%: 43% (2007)
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index | | 56.7 (2005) 60.7 (1998)
|
Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 19% of GDP (2008 est.)
|
Budget | | revenues: NA expenditures: NA
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 5.7% (2008 est.) 3.6% (2007 est.)
|
Stock of money | | $95.03 billion (31 December 2008) $131.1 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of quasi money | | $724.5 billion (31 December 2008) $792.8 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of domestic credit | | $1.249 trillion (31 December 2008) $1.377 trillion (31 December 2007)
|
Market value of publicly traded shares | | $589.4 billion (31 December 2008) $1.37 trillion (31 December 2007) $711.1 billion (31 December 2006)
|
Economic aid - recipient | | $191.9 million (2005)
|
Public debt(% of GDP) | | 38.8% of GDP (2008 est.) 52% of GDP (2004 est.)
|
Agriculture - products | | coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
|
Industries | | textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment
|
Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 4.3% (2008 est.)
|
Current account balance | | -$28.19 billion (2008 est.) $1.551 billion (2007 est.)
|
Exports | | $197.9 billion (2008 est.) $160.6 billion (2007 est.)
|
Exports - commodities(%) | | transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos
|
Exports - partners(%) | | US 14.4%, China 12.4%, Argentina 8.4%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 4.5% (2008)
|
Imports | | $173.1 billion (2008 est.) $120.6 billion (2007 est.)
|
Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, electronics
|
Imports - partners(%) | | US 14.9%, China 11.6%, Argentina 7.9%, Germany 7% (2008)
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $193.8 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $180.3 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Debt - external | | $262.9 billion (31 December 2008) $240.5 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $294 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $248.9 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $127.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $107.1 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Exchange rates | | reals (BRL) per US dollar - 1.8644 (2008 est.), 1.85 (2007 est.), 2.1761 (2006), 2.4344 (2005), 2.9251 (2004)
|
Currency (code) | | real (BRL)
|
Telephones - main lines in use | | 41.141 million (2008)
|
Telephones - mobile cellular | | 150.641 million (2008)
|
Telephone system | | general assessment: good working system; fixed-line connections have remained relatively stable in recent years and stand at about 20 per 100 persons; less expensive mobile cellular technology is a major driver in expanding telephone service to the low-income segment of the population with mobile-cellular telephone density reaching 80 per 100 persons domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations; mobile-cellular usage has more than tripled in the past 5 years international: country code - 55; landing point for a number of submarine cables, including Atlantis 2, that provide direct links to South and Central America, the Caribbean, the US, Africa, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station (2008)
|
Internet country code | | .br
|
Internet users | | 64.948 million (2008)
|
Airports | | 4,000 (2009)
|
Pipelines(km) | | condensate/gas 62 km; gas 9,892 km; liquid petroleum gas 353 km; oil 4,517 km; refined products 4,465 km (2008)
|
Roadways(km) | | total: 1,751,868 km paved: 96,353 km unpaved: 1,655,515 km (2004)
|
Ports and terminals | | Guaiba, Ilha Grande, Paranagua, Rio Grande, Santos, Sao Sebastiao, Tubarao
|
Military branches | | Brazilian Army (Exercito Brasileiro, EB), Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil (MB), includes Naval Air and Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais)), Brazilian Air Force (Forca Aerea Brasileira, FAB) (2009)
|
Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 21-45 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 9 to 12 months; 17-45 years of age for voluntary service; an increasing percentage of the ranks are "long-service" volunteer professionals; women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into career ranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Women's Reserve Corps (2001)
|
Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 52,523,552 females age 16-49: 52,628,945 (2009 est.)
|
Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 38,043,555 females age 16-49: 44,267,520 (2009 est.)
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 1,690,031 female: 1,630,851 (2009 est.)
|
Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 2.6% of GDP (2006 est.)
|
Disputes - international | | unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested boundary dispute with Uruguay over Isla Brasilera at the confluence of the Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada rivers, that form a tripoint with Argentina; the Itaipu Dam reservoir covers over a once contested section of Brazil-Paraguay boundary west of Guaira Falls on the Rio Parana; an accord placed the long-disputed Isla Suarez/Ilha de Guajara-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Rio Mamore, under Bolivian administration in 1958, but sovereignty remains in dispute
|
Electricity - production(kWh) | | 438.8 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 8.3% hydro: 82.7% nuclear: 4.4% other: 4.6% (2001)
|
Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 404.3 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 2.034 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 42.06 billion kWh; note - supplied by Paraguay (2008 est.)
|
Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 2.422 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 2.52 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 570,100 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 632,900 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 12.62 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
|
Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 12.62 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 23.65 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
|
Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 365 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 0.6% (2007 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 730,000 (2007 est.)
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths | | 15,000 (2007 est.)
|
Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 88.6% male: 88.4% female: 88.8% (2004 est.)
|
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2005)
|
Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 4% of GDP (2004)
|
|
|