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WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
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Belize Index
Prime Minister George Cadle Price
Courtesy Belize Government Information Service
The Great Depression shattered the colony's economy, and
unemployment increased rapidly. The Colonial Report for 1931
stated that "contracts for the purchase of mahogany and chicle,
which form the mainstay of the Colony, practically ceased
altogether, thereby throwing a large number of the woodcutters and
chicle-gatherers out of work." On top of this economic disaster,
the worst hurricane in the country's recent history demolished
Belize Town on September 10, 1931, killing more than 1,000 people
and destroying at least three-quarters of the housing. The British
relief response was tardy and inadequate. The British government
seized the opportunity to impose tighter control on the colony and
endowed the governor with reserve powers, or the power to enact
laws in emergency situations without the consent of the Legislative
Council. The Legislative Council resisted but eventually passed a
resolution agreeing to give the governor reserve powers in order to
obtain disaster aid. Meanwhile, people in the town were making
shelters out of the wreckage of their houses. The economy continued
to decline in 1932 and 1933. The total value of imports and exports
in the latter year was little more than one-fourth of what it had
been in 1929.
The Belize Estate and Produce Company survived the depression
years because of its special connections in British Honduras and
London. Since 1875 various members of the Hoare family had been
principal directors and maintained a controlling interest in the
company. Sir Samuel Hoare, a shareholder and former director, was
a former British cabinet member and a friend of Leo Amery, the
British secretary of state for the colonies. In 1931, when the
company was suffering from the aftereffects of the hurricane and
the depression, family member Oliver V.G. Hoare contacted the
Colonial Office to discuss the possibility of selling the company
to buyers in the United States. The British government rescued the
company by granting it an area of virgin mahogany forest and a loan
of US$200,000 to erect a sawmill in Belize Town. When the
government almost doubled the land tax, the large landowners
refused to pay. The government accepted some virtually worthless
land in lieu of taxes and in 1935 capitulated completely, reducing
the tax to its former rate and annulling the landowners' arrears by
making them retroactive to 1931. But small landowners had paid
their taxes, often at a higher rate.
Robert Turton, the Creole millionaire who made his fortune from
chicle exports, defeated C.H. Brown, the expatriate manager of the
company, in the first elections for some of the Legislative Council
seats in 1936. After the elections, the governor promptly appointed
Brown to the council, presumably to maintain the influence of what
had for so long been the colony's chief business. But Brown's
defeat by Turton, one of the company's chief local business rivals,
marked the decline of old British enterprises in relation to the
rising Creole entrepreneurs with their United States commercial
connections.
Meanwhile, the Belize Estate and Produce Company drove Mayan
villagers from their homes in San Jose and Yalbac in the northwest
and treated workers in mahogany camps almost like slaves.
Investigators of labor conditions in the 1930s were appalled to
discover that workers received rations of inferior flour and mess
pork and tickets to be exchanged at the commissaries, in lieu of
cash wages. As a result, workers and their families suffered from
malnutrition and were continually in debt to their employers. The
law governing labor contracts, the Masters and Servants Act of
1883, made it a criminal offense for a laborer to breach a
contract. The offense was punishable by twenty-eight days of
imprisonment with hard labor. In 1931 the governor, Sir John
Burdon, rejected proposals to legalize trade unions and to
introduce a minimum wage and sickness insurance. The conditions,
aggravated by rising unemployment and the disastrous hurricane,
were responsible for severe hardship among the poor. The poor
responded in 1934 with a series of demonstrations, strikes,
petitions, and riots that marked the beginning of modern politics
and the independence movement.
Riots, strikes, and rebellions had occurred before, during and
after the period of slavery, but the events of the 1930s were
modern labor disturbances in the sense that they gave rise to
organizations with articulate industrial and political goals. In
1894 mahogany workers rioted against a cut in their real wages
caused by devaluation. In 1919 demobilized Creole servicemen
protested British racism. But British troops soon stopped these
spontaneous protests, which were indicative of discontent but had
little lasting effect. In contrast, a group calling itself the
Unemployed Brigade marched through Belize Town on February 14,
1934, to present demands to the governor and started a broad
movement. Poor people, in desperation, turned to the governor, who
responded by creating a little relief work--stone-breaking for
US$0.10 a day. The governor also offered a daily ration of two
kilograms of cooked rice at the prison gates.
The unemployed, demanding a cash dole, turned to Antonio
Soberanis Gómez (1897-1975), who denounced the Unemployed Brigade's
leaders at a meeting on March 16, 1934, and took over the movement.
For the next few weeks, Soberanis and his colleagues of the
Labourers and Unemployed Association (LUA) attacked the governor
and his officials, the rich merchants, and the Belize Estate and
Produce Company at biweekly meetings attended by 600 to 800 people.
The workers demanded relief and a minimum wage. They couched their
demands in broad moral and political terms that began to define and
develop a new nationalistic and democratic political culture.
Soberanis was jailed under a new sedition law in 1935. Still,
the labor agitation achieved a great deal. Of most immediate
importance was the creation of relief work by a governor who saw it
as a way to avoid civil disturbances. Workers built more than 300
kilometers of roads. The governor also pressed for a
semirepresentative government. But when the new constitution was
passed in April 1935, it included the restrictive franchise
demanded by the appointed majority of the Legislative Council,
which had no interest in furthering democracy. High voter-
eligibility standards for property and income limited the
electorate to the wealthiest 2 percent of the population. Poor
people, therefore, could not vote; they could only support members
of the Creole middle classes that opposed big-business candidates.
The Citizens' Political Party and the LUA endorsed Robert Turton
and Arthur Balderamos, a Creole lawyer, who formed the chief
opposition in the new council of 1936. Working-class agitation
continued, and in 1939 all six seats on the Belize Town Board (the
voting requirements allowed for a more representative electorate)
went to middle-class Creoles who appeared more sympathetic to
labor.
The greatest achievements of the agitation of the 1930s were
the labor reforms passed between 1941 and 1943. Trade unions were
legalized in 1941, but the laws did not require employers to
recognize these unions. Furthermore, the penal clauses of the old
Masters and Servants Act rendered the new rights ineffectual.
Employers among the unofficial members at the Legislative Council
defeated a bill to repeal these penal clauses in August 1941, but
the Employers and Workers Bill, passed on April 27, 1943, finally
removed breach-of-labor-contract from the criminal code and enabled
British Honduras's infant trade unions to pursue the struggle for
improving labor conditions. The General Workers' Union (GWU),
registered in 1943, quickly expanded into a nationwide organization
and provided crucial support for the nationalist movement that took
off with the formation of the People's United Party (PUP) in 1950
(see Political Parties
, ch. 9). The 1930s were therefore the
crucible of modern Belizean politics. It was a decade during which
the old phenomena of exploitative labor conditions and
authoritarian colonial and industrial relations began to give way
to new labor and political processes and institutions.
The same period saw an expansion in voter eligibility. Between
1939 and 1954, less than 2 percent of the population elected six
members in the Legislative Council of thirteen members. In 1945
only 822 voters were registered in a population of over 63,000. The
proportion of voters increased slightly in 1945, partly because the
minimum age for women voters was reduced from thirty to twenty-one
years. The devaluation of the British Honduras dollar in 1949
effectively reduced the property and income voter-eligibility
standards. Finally, in 1954 British Honduras achieved suffrage for
all literate adults as a result of the emerging independence
movement. This development was a prelude to the process of
constitutional decolonization.
The origins of the independence movement also lay in the 1930s
and 1940s. Three groups played important roles in the colony's
politics during this period. One group consisted of working-class
individuals and emphasized labor issues. This group originated with
Soberanis's LUA between 1934 and 1937 and continued through the
GWU. The second group, a radical nationalist movement, emerged
during World War II. Its leaders came from the LUA and the local
branch of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association.
The group called itself variously the British Honduras Independent
Labour Party, the People's Republican Party, and the People's
National Committee. The third group consisted of people who engaged
in electoral politics within the narrow limits defined by the
constitution and whose goals included a "Natives First" campaign
and an extension of the franchise to elect a more representative
government.
In 1947 a group of graduates of the elite Saint John's College
won control of the Belize City Council and started a newspaper, the
Belize Billboard. One member of this group, George Cadle
Price, topped the polls in the 1947 election when he opposed
immigration schemes and import controls and rode a wave of feeling
against a British proposal for a federation of its colonies in the
Caribbean. Price was an eclectic and pragmatic politician whose
ideological position was often obscured under a cloak of religious
values and quotations. He has remained the predominant politician
in the country since the early 1950s.
The event that precipitated Price's political career and the
formation of the PUP, was the devaluation of the British Honduras
dollar on December 31, 1949. In September 1949, the British
government devalued the British pound sterling. In spite of
repeated denials by the governor that the British Honduras dollar
would be devalued to maintain the old exchange rate with the
British pound, devaluation was nevertheless effected by the
governor, using his reserve powers in defiance of the Legislative
Council. The governor's action angered the nationalists because it
reflected the limits of the legislature and revealed the extent of
the colonial administration's power. The devaluation enraged labor
because it protected the interests of the big transnationals, such
as the Belize Estate and Produce Company, whose trade in British
pounds would have suffered without devaluation while it subjected
British Honduras's working class, already experiencing widespread
unemployment and poverty, to higher prices for goods--especially
food--imported from the United States. Devaluation thus united
labor, nationalists, and the Creole middle classes in opposition to
the colonial administration. On the night that the governor
declared the devaluation, the People's Committee was formed and the
nascent independence movement suddenly matured.
Between 1950 and 1954, the PUP, formed upon the dissolution of
the People's Committee on September 29, 1950, consolidated its
organization, established its popular base, and articulated its
primary demands. Belize Billboard editors Philip Goldson and
Leigh Richardson were prominent members of the PUP. They gave the
party their full support through anticolonial editorials. The PUP
received the crucial support of the GWU, whose president, Clifford
Betson, was one of the original members of the People's Committee.
Before the end of January 1950, the GWU and the People's Committee
were holding joint public meetings and discussing issues such as
devaluation, labor legislation, the proposed West Indies
Federation, and constitutional reform. The GWU was the only mass
organization of working people, so the early success of the PUP
would have been impossible without the support of this union. On
April 28, however, the middle-class members of the People's
Committee (formerly members of the Christian Social Action Group,
to which the founders of the Belize Billboard belonged) took
over the leadership of the union and gave Betson the dubious
honorific title of "patriarch of the union." A year later, George
Price, the secretary of the PUP, became vice president of the
union. The political leaders took control of the union to use its
strength, but the union movement declined as it became increasingly
dependent upon politicians in the 1950s.
The PUP concentrated on agitating for constitutional reforms,
including universal adult suffrage without a literacy test, an all-
elected Legislative Council, an Executive Council chosen by the
leader of the majority party in the legislature, the introduction
of a ministerial system, and the abolition of the governor's
reserve powers. In short, PUP pushed for representative and
responsible government. The colonial administration, alarmed by the
growing support for the PUP, retaliated by attacking two of the
party's chief public platforms. In July 1951, the governor
dissolved the Belize City Council on the pretext that it had shown
disloyalty by refusing to display a picture of King George VI.
Then, in October, the governor charged Belize Billboard
publishers and owners, including Richardson and Goldson, with
sedition. The governor jailed them for twelve months with hard
labor. Soon after, PUP leader John Smith resigned because the party
would not agree to fly the British flag at public meetings. The
removal of three of four chief leaders was a blow to the party, but
the events left Price in a powerful position. In 1952 he
comfortably topped the polls in Belize City Council elections.
Within just two years, despite persecution and division, the PUP
had become a powerful political force, and George Price had clearly
become the party's leader.
The colonial administration and the National Party, which
consisted of loyalist members of the Legislative Council, portrayed
the PUP as pro-Guatemalan and even communist. The leaders of the
PUP, however, perceived British Honduras as belonging to neither
Britain nor Guatemala. The governor and the National Party failed
in their attempts to discredit the PUP on the issue of its contacts
with Guatemala, which was then ruled by the democratic, reformist
government of President Jacobo Arbenz. When voters went to the
polls on April 28, 1954, in the first election under universal
literate adult suffrage, the main issue was clearly colonialism--a
vote for the PUP was a vote in favor of self-government. Almost 70
percent of the electorate voted. The PUP gained 66.3 percent of the
vote and won eight of the nine elected seats in the new Legislative
Assembly. Further constitutional reform was unequivocally on the
agenda.
Data as of January 1992
- Belize-Social Dynamics
- Belize-Climate
- Belize-ANCIENT MAYAN CIVILIZATION
- Belize-Transport and Telecommunications OTHER SERVICES
- Belize-Defense Spending
- Belize-Crime
- Belize-Acknowledgments
- Belize-Electoral Process since Independence
- Belize-Consciousness-Raising Organizations
- Belize-Growth during 1980-85
- Belize-Cultural Pluralism and Ethnic Diversity
- Belize-GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
- Belize-Relations with Britain
- Belize-Constitutional and Political Structures Prior to Independence CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND
- Belize-Chapter 7 - Belize: The Society and Its Environment
- Belize-The Genesis of Modern Politics, 1931-54
- Belize-External Debt
- Belize-Executive
- Belize-BELIZE
- Belize-Beginnings of Self-Government and the Plantocracy
- Belize-The 1960 Constitution
- Belize-Legislature
- Belize-The Small Economy
- Belize-PUBLIC ORDER AND INTERNAL SECURITY
- Belize-Growth after 1985
- Belize-Organization and Equipment
- Belize-The Middle Sector
- Belize-ECONOMY
- Belize-Food and Diet
- Belize-The Colonial Economy GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
- Belize-Investments
- Belize-Business Community
- Belize-Relations with Other Latin American and Caribbean Countries
- Belize-Structure of the Constitution of 1981
- Belize-Local Government
- Belize-STANDARD OF LIVING
- Belize-NATIONAL SECURITY
- Belize-Electoral Procedures POLITICAL DYNAMICS
- Belize-The Upper Sector
- Belize-Natural Resources
- Belize-Fiscal Performance
- Belize-Mining and Energy INDUSTRY
- Belize-Patterns of Access and Performance
- Belize-BELIZE'S MILITARY HISTORY AND STRATEGIC SETTING
- Belize-Boundaries, Area, and Relative Size GEOGRAPHY
- Belize-Language
- Belize-Religion
- Belize-Formal Establishment of the Colony, 1862-71
- Belize-Mayan Emigration and Conflict
- Belize-Ethnicity THE CULTURAL DIVERSITY OF BELIZEAN SOCIETY
- Belize-The Criminal Justice System
- Belize-Relations with Guatemala
- Belize-The Return to Elected Government, 1936-53
- Belize-School System
- Belize-Bananas
- Belize-Introduction
- Belize-FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
- Belize-Constitution of 1981
- Belize-Construction
- Belize-TOURISM
- Belize-Preface
- Belize-Chapter 8 - Belize: The Economy
- Belize-EDUCATION
- Belize
- Belize-Other Crops
- Belize-Foreword
- Belize-The Colonial Order, 1871-1931 COLONIAL STAGNATION AND CRISIS
- Belize
- Belize-TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
- Belize-Economic History
- Belize-Colonial Rivalry Between Spain and Britain THE EMERGENCE OF THE BRITISH SETTLEMENT
- Belize-LABOR
- Belize
- Belize-Peripheral Factors
- Belize-Physical Features
- Belize-Chapter 6 - Belize: Historical Setting
- Belize-SOCIETY
- Belize-Geology
- Belize-Crown Colony, 1871-1935
- Belize-GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS
- Belize-Slavery in the Settlement, 1794-1838
- Belize-Constitution of 1954 and Extension of Suffrage, 1954-60
- Belize -Belize: Country Profile
- Belize-Public Service
- Belize-Chapter 9 - Belize: Government and Politics
- Belize-Other Parties
- Belize
- Belize-Balance of Payments
- Belize-Health and Welfare
- Belize-Sugar AGRICULTURE
- Belize-Personnel and Training
- Belize-Judiciary
- Belize-Political Parties
- Belize
- Belize-GEOGRAPHY
- Belize
- Belize-Relations with Other Countries
- Belize-The Public Meeting and the Superintendent, pre-1854
- Belize-Manufacturing
- Belize-Interest Groups
- Belize-ECONOMIC PROSPECTS
- Belize-The Belize National Police
- Belize-Chapter 10 - Belize: National Security
- Belize
- Belize-Mass Communications
- Belize-THE BELIZE DEFENCE FORCE
- Belize-Internal Self-Rule, 1964-81
- Belize-Banking and Finance
- Belize-Churches and Religious Institutions
- Belize-The Lower Sector
- Belize-Relations with the United States FOREIGN RELATIONS
- Belize-Procedure for Amending the Constitution
- Belize-Foreign Military Relations
- Belize-Citrus
- Belize-Economic Diversification GOVERNMENT POLICY
- Belize-FISHING AND FORESTRY
- Belize-Elected Legislative Assembly, 1854-70
Background | | Belize was the site of several Mayan city states until their decline at the end of the first millennium A.D. The British and Spanish disputed the region in the 17th and 18th centuries; it formally became the colony of British Honduras in 1854. Territorial disputes between the UK and Guatemala delayed the independence of Belize until 1981. Guatemala refused to recognize the new nation until 1992 and the two countries are involved in an ongoing border dispute. Guatemala and Belize are gearing up for a simultaneous referendum to determine if this dispute will go before the International Court of Justice at The Hague. Tourism has become the mainstay of the economy. Current concerns include an unsustainable foreign debt, high unemployment, growing involvement in the South American drug trade, growing urban crime, and increasing incidences of HIV/AIDS.
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Location | | Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Guatemala and Mexico
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Area(sq km) | | total: 22,966 sq km land: 22,806 sq km water: 160 sq km
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Geographic coordinates | | 17 15 N, 88 45 W
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Land boundaries(km) | | total: 516 km border countries: Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km
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Coastline(km) | | 386 km
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Climate | | tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)
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Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Doyle's Delight 1,160 m
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Natural resources | | arable land potential, timber, fish, hydropower
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Land use(%) | | arable land: 3.05% permanent crops: 1.39% other: 95.56% (2005)
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Irrigated land(sq km) | | 30 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 18.6 cu km (2000)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 0.15 cu km/yr (7%/73%/20%) per capita: 556 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards | | frequent, devastating hurricanes (June to November) and coastal flooding (especially in south)
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Environment - current issues | | deforestation; water pollution from sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff; solid and sewage waste disposal
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Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note | | only country in Central America without a coastline on the North Pacific Ocean
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Population | | 307,899 (July 2009 est.)
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Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 37.9% (male 59,462/female 57,117) 15-64 years: 58.6% (male 91,298/female 89,170) 65 years and over: 3.5% (male 5,185/female 5,667) (2009 est.)
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Median age(years) | | total: 20.4 years male: 20.3 years female: 20.6 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate(%) | | 2.154% (2009 est.)
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Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 27.33 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 5.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
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Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | NA (2009 est.)
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Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 52% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 3.1% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 23.07 deaths/1,000 live births male: 26 deaths/1,000 live births female: 19.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 68.2 years male: 66.44 years female: 70.05 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 3.36 children born/woman (2009 est.)
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Nationality | | noun: Belizean(s) adjective: Belizean
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Ethnic groups(%) | | mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other 9.7% (2000 census)
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Religions(%) | | Roman Catholic 49.6%, Protestant 27% (Pentecostal 7.4%, Anglican 5.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5.2%, Mennonite 4.1%, Methodist 3.5%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.5%), other 14%, none 9.4% (2000)
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Languages(%) | | Spanish 46%, Creole 32.9%, Mayan dialects 8.9%, English 3.9% (official), Garifuna 3.4% (Carib), German 3.3%, other 1.4%, unknown 0.2% (2000 census)
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Country name | | conventional long form: none conventional short form: Belize former: British Honduras
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Government type | | parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm
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Capital | | name: Belmopan geographic coordinates: 17 15 N, 88 46 W time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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Administrative divisions | | 6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo
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Constitution | | 21-Sep-81
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Legal system | | English law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch | | chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17 November 1993) head of government: Prime Minister Dean Oliver BARROW (since 8 February 2008); Deputy Prime Minister Gaspar VEGA (since 12 February 2008) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister
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Legislative branch | | bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (12 seats; members appointed by the governor general - 6 on the advice of the prime minister, 3 on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and 1 each on the advice of the Belize Council of Churches and Evangelical Association of Churches, the Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Belize Better Business Bureau, and the National Trade Union Congress and the Civil Society Steering Committee; to serve five-year terms) and the House of Representatives (31 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held 6 February 2008 (next to be held in 2013) election results: percent of vote by party - UDP 56.3%, PUP 40.9%; seats by party - UDP 25, PUP 6
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Judicial branch | | Summary Jurisdiction Courts (criminal) and District Courts (civil jurisdiction); Supreme Court (the chief justice is appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal; Privy Council in the UK; member of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ)
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Political pressure groups and leaders | | Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR [Gustavo PERERA]; Association of Concerned Belizeans or ACB [David VASQUEZ]; National Trade Union Congress of Belize or NTUC/B [Rene GOMEZ]
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International organization participation | | ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, ITUC, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, PetroCaribe, RG, SICA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Flag description | | blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland
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Economy - overview | | In this small, essentially private-enterprise economy, tourism is the number one foreign exchange earner followed by exports of marine products, citrus, cane sugar, bananas, and garments. The government's expansionary monetary and fiscal policies, initiated in September 1998, led to sturdy GDP growth averaging nearly 4% in 1999-2007, though growth slipped to 3.8% in 2008 as a result of the global slowdown, natural disasters, and the drop in the price of oil. Oil discoveries in 2006 bolstered the economic growth. Exploration efforts continue and a small increase in production is expected in 2009. Major concerns continue to be the sizable trade deficit and unsustainable foreign debt equivalent to nearly 70% of GDP. In February 2007, the government restructured nearly all of its public external commercial debt, which helped reduce interest payments and relieve some of the country's liquidity concerns. A key short-term objective remains the reduction of poverty with the help of international donors.
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GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $2.542 billion (2008 est.) $2.468 billion (2007 est.) $2.43 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate) | | $1.359 billion (2008 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 3% (2008 est.) 1.6% (2007 est.) 5.3% (2006 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $8,400 (2008 est.) $8,400 (2007 est.) $8,400 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 29% industry: 16.9% services: 54.1% (2008 est.)
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Labor force | | 122,300 note: shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel (2008 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 10.2% industry: 18.1% services: 71.7% (2007)
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Unemployment rate(%) | | 8.1% (2008) 9.4% (2006)
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Population below poverty line(%) | | 33.5% (2002 est.)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
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Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 27.8% of GDP (2008 est.)
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Budget | | revenues: $347 million expenditures: $386.5 million (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 6.4% (2008 est.) 2.3% (2007 est.)
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Stock of money | | $345.7 million (31 December 2008) $323.9 million (31 December 2007)
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Stock of quasi money | | $653.8 million (31 December 2008) $549 million (31 December 2007)
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Stock of domestic credit | | $955 million (31 December 2008) $877.6 million (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares | | $NA
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Economic aid - recipient | | $12.91 million (2005)
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Agriculture - products | | bananas, cacao, citrus, sugar; fish, cultured shrimp; lumber; garments
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Industries | | garment production, food processing, tourism, construction, oil
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Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 1.8% (2008 est.)
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Current account balance | | -$153.7 million (2008 est.) -$51.1 million (2007 est.)
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Exports | | $464.7 million (2008 est.) $425.6 million (2007 est.)
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Exports - commodities(%) | | sugar, bananas, citrus, clothing, fish products, molasses, wood, crude oil
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Exports - partners(%) | | US 35.6%, UK 21.5%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.3%, Italy 4.5%, Nigeria 4% (2008)
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Imports | | $788.1 million (2008 est.) $642 million (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods; fuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals; food, beverages, tobacco
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Imports - partners(%) | | US 37.4%, Mexico 12.9%, Cuba 7.7%, Guatemala 6.1%, Russia 5%, China 4.2% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $166.2 million (31 December 2008 est.) $108.5 million (31 December 2007 est.)
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Debt - external | | $954.1 million (2008 est.) $1.2 billion (June 2005 est.)
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Exchange rates | | Belizean dollars (BZD) per US dollar - 2 (2008), 2 (2007), 2 (2006), 2 (2005), 2 (2004)
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Currency (code) | | Belizean dollar (BZD)
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Telephones - main lines in use | | 31,100 (2008)
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Telephones - mobile cellular | | 160,000 (2008)
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Telephone system | | general assessment: above-average system; fixed-line teledensity of 10 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone density roughly 55 per 100 persons domestic: trunk network depends primarily on microwave radio relay international: country code - 501; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) fiber-optic telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth station - 8 (Intelsat - 2, unknown - 6) (2008)
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Internet country code | | .bz
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Internet users | | 34,000 (2008)
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Airports | | 44 (2009)
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Roadways(km) | | total: 3,007 km paved: 575 km unpaved: 2,432 km (2006)
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Ports and terminals | | Belize City, Big Creek
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Military branches | | Belize Defense Force (BDF): Army, BDF Air Wing, BDF Volunteer Guard (2009)
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Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 18 years of age for voluntary military service; laws allow for conscription only if volunteers are insufficient; conscription has never been implemented; volunteers typically outnumber available positions by 3:1 (2008)
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Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 74,605 females age 16-49: 72,926 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 56,135 females age 16-49: 54,732 (2009 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 3,632 female: 3,500 (2009 est.)
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Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 1.4% of GDP (2006)
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Disputes - international | | OAS-initiated Agreement on the Framework for Negotiations and Confidence Building Measures saw cooperation in repatriation of Guatemalan squatters and other areas, but Guatemalan land and maritime claims in Belize and the Caribbean Sea remain unresolved; the Line of Adjacency created under the 2002 Differendum serves in lieu of the contiguous international boundary to control squatting in the sparsely inhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; Honduras claims Belizean-administered Sapodilla Cays in its constitution but agreed to a joint ecological park under the Differendum
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Electricity - production(kWh) | | 213.5 million kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 59.9% hydro: 40.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 198.5 million kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 248.4 million kWh (2005)
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Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 3,511 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 7,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 2,260 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 7,204 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 6.7 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 2.1% (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 3,600 (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths | | fewer than 200 (2007 est.)
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Major infectious diseases | | degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
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Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 76.9% male: 76.7% female: 77.1% (2000 census)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 13 years male: 13 years female: 13 years (2004)
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Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 5.3% of GDP (2004)
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