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Belarus Index
Figure 10. Government Organization of Belarus, 1995
With the exception of the new office of the president,
the
government structure of independent Belarus had changed
little
from that of the Belorussian SSR
(see
fig. 10). Within the
government, the communist-era mindset also persisted, even
though
the names of office-holders were often different. Because
Lukashyenka and the legislature were frequently at odds,
there
was little agreement or initiative in changing or
improving the
government.
The national government consists of three branches:
legislative, executive, and judiciary
(see
fig. 10). Under
the
constitution, the size of the Supreme Soviet (elected for
a term
of five years) was reduced from 360 to 260 members. It is
the
highest legislative body of state power. Its functions
include
calling national referenda; adopting, revising, and
interpreting
the constitution; scheduling parliamentary and
presidential
elections; electing members of high-level courts, the
procurator
general, and the chairman and members of the board of the
National Bank of Belarus; determining guidelines for
domestic and
foreign policy; confirming the state budget; supervising
currency
issues; ratifying international treaties; and determining
military policy. The role of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet
was reduced to that of an agenda-setting and
administrative body.
The legislature's two subordinate state committees are the
State
Customs Committee and the State Security Committee.
Any Belarusian citizen who has the right to vote and is
at
least twenty-one years old is eligible to stand for
election as a
deputy. The parliament is elected by universal suffrage.
The president, a position created by the new
constitution, is
elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office and
is the
head of state and of the executive branch of government.
He or
she adopts measures to guard the country's sovereignty and
territorial integrity, appoints and dismisses the chairman
and
members of the Cabinet of Ministers, appoints judges,
heads the
country's National Security Council, and serves as
commander in
chief of the armed forces.
The president can be removed by a two-thirds vote in
the
parliament under certain circumstances, such as violating
the
constitution or committing a crime. However, the president
cannot
dismiss the parliament or other elected governing bodies.
The executive branch also includes the Cabinet of
Ministers,
composed of the heads of Belarus's twenty-six ministries:
administration of state property and privatization;
agriculture;
architecture and construction; CIS matters; communications
and
information technology; culture and the press; defense;
economy;
education and science; emergency situations and the
protection of
the population from the aftermath of the Chornobyl'
nuclear power
station disaster; finance; foreign affairs; foreign
economic
relations; forestry; fuel and energy; health care; housing
and
municipal services; industry; information; internal
affairs;
justice, labor; natural resources and environmental
protection;
social protection; statistics and analyses; trade; and
transportation and communications.
Judicial power is vested in a court system headed by
the
Constitutional Court, which consists of eleven judges who
are
nominated by the president and appointed by the Supreme
Soviet.
The Constitutional Court receives proposals from the
president,
the chairman of the Supreme Soviet, the permanent
committees of
the Supreme Soviet, at least seventy deputies of the
Supreme
Soviet, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Economic Court, or
the
Procurator General to review the constitutionality of
international agreements or obligations to which Belarus
is a
party. The Constitutional Court also reviews the
constitutionality of domestic legal acts; presidential
edicts;
regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers; the constitution;
laws;
legal documents; and regulatory decisions of the Supreme
Court,
the Supreme Economic Court, and the Procurator General.
The
Constitutional Court's decisions are final and not subject
to
appeal.
The mid-level courts are regional courts, and below
them are
district courts. These are presided over by judges
appointed
directly by the president. Trials in all courts are open.
The
parties involved in a case have the right to appeal
judicial
decisions, sentences, and other rulings. However, the
appeal
consists merely of a higher court's review of the protocol
and
other documents of the original trial. In actual practice,
decisions are rarely overturned.
There is a separate system of military courts. Military
judges are appointed directly by the president.
The Procuracy functions like a cross between a police
investigative bureau and a public prosecutor's office. It
investigates crimes, brings criminals to trial and
prosecutes
them, supervises courts and penal facilities within its
jurisdiction, reviews all court decisions in both civil
and
criminal cases, supervises investigations conducted by
other
government agencies, and ensures the uniform application
of law
in the courts.
The Procuracy is headed by the procurator general, who
is
appointed by the Supreme Soviet. The procurator general
then
appoints each officer of the Procuracy, known as a
procurator.
The constitution states that the procurator general and
his
subordinate procurators are to function independently, yet
the
procurator general is accountable to the Supreme Soviet.
Procurators are independent of regional and local
government
bodies because they derive their authority from the
procurator
general. Procurators are generally quite influential
because they
supervise all criminal investigations; courts are
extremely
deferential to the procurators' actions, petitions, and
conclusions.
Data as of June 1995
Background | | After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means. Government restrictions on freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion remain in place.
|
Location | | Eastern Europe, east of Poland
|
Area(sq km) | | total: 207,600 sq km land: 202,900 sq km water: 4,700 sq km
|
Geographic coordinates | | 53 00 N, 28 00 E
|
Land boundaries(km) | | total: 3,306 km border countries: Latvia 171 km, Lithuania 680 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 km
|
Coastline(km) | | 0 km (landlocked)
|
Climate | | cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime
|
Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Nyoman River 90 m highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m
|
Natural resources | | forests, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay
|
Land use(%) | | arable land: 26.77% permanent crops: 0.6% other: 72.63% (2005)
|
Irrigated land(sq km) | | 1,310 sq km (2003)
|
Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 58 cu km (1997)
|
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 2.79 cu km/yr (23%/47%/30%) per capita: 286 cu m/yr (2000)
|
Natural hazards | | NA
|
Environment - current issues | | soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine
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Environment - international agreements | | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
Geography - note | | landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes
|
Population | | 9,648,533 (July 2009 est.)
|
Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 14.3% (male 707,550/female 667,560) 15-64 years: 71.3% (male 3,337,253/female 3,540,916) 65 years and over: 14.5% (male 446,746/female 948,508) (2009 est.)
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Median age(years) | | total: 38.6 years male: 35.6 years female: 41.6 years (2009 est.)
|
Population growth rate(%) | | -0.378% (2009 est.)
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Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 9.71 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 13.86 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
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Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | 0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 73% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 0% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
|
Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.47 male(s)/female total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|
Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 6.43 deaths/1,000 live births male: 7.45 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
|
Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 70.63 years male: 64.95 years female: 76.67 years (2009 est.)
|
Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 1.24 children born/woman (2009 est.)
|
Nationality | | noun: Belarusian(s) adjective: Belarusian
|
Ethnic groups(%) | | Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish 3.9%, Ukrainian 2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)
|
Religions(%) | | Eastern Orthodox 80%, other (including Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 20% (1997 est.)
|
Languages(%) | | Belarusian, Russian, other
|
Country name | | conventional long form: Republic of Belarus conventional short form: Belarus local long form: Respublika Byelarus' local short form: Byelarus' former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic
|
Government type | | republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship
|
Capital | | name: Minsk geographic coordinates: 53 54 N, 27 34 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
|
Administrative divisions | | 6 provinces (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and 1 municipality* (horad); Brest, Homyel', Horad Minsk*, Hrodna, Mahilyow, Minsk, Vitsyebsk note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers
|
Constitution | | 15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing presidential term limits
|
Legal system | | based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
|
Executive branch | | chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994) head of government: Prime Minister Sergey SIDORSKIY (since 19 December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since December 2003) cabinet: Council of Ministers elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run in a third election, which was held on 19 March 2006; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 82.6%, Aleksandr MILINKEVICH 6%, Aleksandr KOZULIN 2.3%; note - election marred by electoral fraud
|
Legislative branch | | bicameral National Assembly or Natsionalnoye Sobranie consists of the Council of the Republic or Soviet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members elected by regional councils and eight members appointed by the president, to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Palata Predstaviteley - last held 28 September and 3 October 2008 (next to be held fall of 2012); international observers determined that despite minor improvements the election ultimately fell short of democratic standards; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won every seat election results: Soviet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA
|
Judicial branch | | Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Constitutional Court (half of the judges appointed by the president and half appointed by the Chamber of Representatives)
|
Political pressure groups and leaders | | Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs [Sergey MATSKEVICH]; Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK]; Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Aleh HULAK]; Belarusian Organization of Working Women [Irina ZHIKHAR]; BPF-Youth [Franak VYACHORKA]; Charter 97 [Andrey SANNIKOV]; For Freedom [Aleksandr MILINKEVICH]; National Strike Committee of Entrepreneurs [Aleksandr VASILYEV, Valery LEVONEVSKY]; Perspektiva kiosk watchdog NGO [Anatol SHUMCHENKO]; Vyasna ("Spring") human rights center; Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA]; Young Belarus (Malady Belarus); Youth Front (Malady Front) [Dmitriy DASHKEVICH]
|
International organization participation | | BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CEI, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
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Flag description | | red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red; the red band color recalls past struggles from oppression, the green band represents hope and the many forests of the country
|
Economy - overview | | Belarus has seen little structural reform since 1995, when President LUKASHENKO launched the country on the path of "market socialism." In keeping with this policy, LUKASHENKO reimposed administrative controls over prices and currency exchange rates and expanded the state's right to intervene in the management of private enterprises. Since 2005, the government has re-nationalized a number of private companies. In addition, businesses have been subject to pressure by central and local governments, e.g., arbitrary changes in regulations, numerous rigorous inspections, retroactive application of new business regulations, and arrests of "disruptive" businessmen and factory owners. A wide range of redistributive policies has helped those at the bottom of the ladder; the Gini coefficient is among the lowest in the world. Because of these restrictive economic policies, Belarus has had trouble attracting foreign investment. Nevertheless, government statistics indicate GDP growth has been strong in recent years, reaching 10% in 2008, despite the roadblocks of a tough, centrally directed economy with a high rate of inflation. Belarus receives discounted oil and natural gas from Russia and much of Belarus' growth can be attributed to the re-export of Russian oil at market prices. Trade with Russia - by far its largest single trade partner - decreased in 2007-08, largely as a result of a change in the way the Value Added Tax (VAT) on trade was collected. Russia has introduced an export duty on oil shipped to Belarus, which will increase gradually through 2009, and a requirement that Belarusian duties on re-exported Russian oil be shared with Russia - 80% was slated to go to Russia in 2008, and 85% in 2009. Russia also increased Belarusian natural gas prices from $47 per thousand cubic meters (tcm)in 2006 to $100 per tcm in 2007, and to $128 per tcm in 2008, and plans to increase prices gradually to world levels by 2011. Russia's recent policy of bringing energy prices for Belarus to world market levels may result in a slowdown in economic growth in Belarus over the next few years. Some policy measures, including improving energy efficiency and diversifying exports, have been introduced, but external borrowing has been the main mechanism used to manage the growing pressures on the economy. Belarus felt the effects of the global financial crisis in late 2008 and reached agreement with Russia in November for a $2 billion stabilization loan and with the IMF for a $2.5 billion stand-by agreement in January 2009. In line with IMF conditionality, Belarus devalued the ruble approximately 20% in January 2009 and has tightened some fiscal and monetary policies. Belarus's economic growth is likely to slow in 2009 as it faces decreasing demand for its exports, and will find it difficult to increase external borrowing if the credit markets continue to tighten.
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GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $114.3 billion (2008 est.) $103.9 billion (2007 est.) $96.06 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP (official exchange rate) | | $60.3 billion (2008 est.)
|
GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 10% (2008 est.) 8.2% (2007 est.) 9.9% (2006 est.)
|
GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $11,800 (2008 est.) $10,700 (2007 est.) $9,800 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 8.5% industry: 41.2% services: 50.3% (2008 est.)
|
Labor force | | 4.869 million (2007)
|
Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 14% industry: 34.7% services: 51.3% (2003 est.)
|
Unemployment rate(%) | | 1.6% (2005) note: officially registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers
|
Population below poverty line(%) | | 27.1% (2003 est.)
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 22% (2005)
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index | | 27.9 (2005) 21.7 (1998)
|
Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 31.9% of GDP (2008 est.)
|
Budget | | revenues: $25.15 billion expenditures: $25.97 billion (2008 est.)
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 14.8% (2008 est.) 8.4% (2007 est.)
|
Stock of money | | $4.872 billion (31 December 2008) $4.065 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of quasi money | | $8.784 billion (31 December 2008) $6.823 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of domestic credit | | $18.42 billion (31 December 2008) $12.16 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Market value of publicly traded shares | | $NA
|
Economic aid - recipient | | $53.76 million (2005)
|
Agriculture - products | | grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax; beef, milk
|
Industries | | metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, radios, refrigerators
|
Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 12% (2008 est.)
|
Current account balance | | -$5.063 billion (2008 est.) -$3.042 billion (2007 est.)
|
Exports | | $33.04 billion (2008 est.) $24.33 billion (2007 est.)
|
Exports - commodities(%) | | machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals, textiles, foodstuffs
|
Exports - partners(%) | | Russia 32.2%, Netherlands 16.9%, Ukraine 8.5%, Latvia 6.6%, Poland 5.5%, UK 4.4% (2008)
|
Imports | | $39.16 billion (2008 est.) $28.4 billion (2007 est.)
|
Imports - commodities(%) | | mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, metals
|
Imports - partners(%) | | Russia 59.8%, Germany 7.1%, Ukraine 5.4% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $2.687 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $3.952 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Debt - external | | $15.15 billion (31 December 2008) $12.49 billion (31 December 2007)
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Exchange rates | | Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - 2,130 (2008 est.), 2,145 (2007), 2,144.6 (2006), 2,150 (2005), 2,160.26 (2004)
|
Currency (code) | | Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)
|
Telephones - main lines in use | | 3.718 million (2008)
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Telephones - mobile cellular | | 8.693 million (2008)
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Telephone system | | general assessment: Belarus lags behind its neighbors in upgrading telecommunications infrastructure; state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity of roughly 35 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone density of about 90 per 100 persons; modernization of the network progressing with roughly two-thirds of switching equipment now digital domestic: fixed-line penetration is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; 3 GSM wireless networks are experiencing rapid growth; strict government controls on telecommunications technologies international: country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations (2008)
|
Internet country code | | .by
|
Internet users | | 3.107 million (2008)
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Airports | | 65 (2009)
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Pipelines(km) | | gas 5,250 km; oil 1,528 km; refined products 1,730 km (2008)
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Roadways(km) | | total: 94,797 km paved: 84,028 km unpaved: 10,769 km (2005)
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Ports and terminals | | Mazyr
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Military branches | | Belarus Armed Forces: Land Force, Air and Air Defense Force (2009)
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Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months (2005)
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Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 2,491,643 females age 16-49: 2,528,779 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 1,720,049 females age 16-49: 2,069,898 (2009 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 60,009 female: 56,834 (2009 est.)
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Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 1.4% of GDP (2005 est.)
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Disputes - international | | Boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania in 2006; 1997 boundary delimitation treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing border security
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Electricity - production(kWh) | | 29.92 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 99.5% hydro: 0.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0.4% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 30.54 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 5.062 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 9.406 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 32,950 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 184,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 303,900 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 444,800 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 198 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 152 million cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 21.75 billion cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 2.832 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 0.2% (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 13,000 (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths | | 1,100 (2007 est.)
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Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.6% male: 99.8% female: 99.4% (1999 census)
|
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 15 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2006)
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Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 6.1% of GDP (2006)
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