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Bahrain Index
General Norman H. Schwarzkopf, commander in chief, United
States Central Command, with Brigadier General Muhammad ibn Abd
Allah Al Attiyah of Qatar, whom he presented with the Legion of
Merit for his role in Operation Desert Storm
Courtesy United States Air Force
General Norman H. Schwarzkopf speaks with Lieutenant
General Khamis ibn Humaid ibn Salim al Kilbani, chief of staff,
Royal Oman Land Forces, while touring As Sib Air Base during
Operation Desert Storm.
Courtesy United States Air Force
The numerous treaties that Britain concluded with the
several
gulf amirates in the nineteenth century provided, inter
alia,
that the British were responsible for foreign relations
and
protection from attack by sea. Until the early 1950s, the
principal military presence in the Trucial Coast states
(sometimes referred to as Trucial Oman) consisted of
British-led
Arab security forces and the personal bodyguard units of
the
ruling shaykhs. In 1951 the British formed the Trucial
Oman
Levies (later called the Trucial Oman Scouts) under a
British
commander who reported to the British political agent of
the
gulf. By the time the United Arab Emirates (UAE) became
independent on December 2, 1971, the scouts had become a
mobile
force of about 1,600 men, trained and led by about thirty
British
officers assisted by Jordanian noncommissioned officers
(NCOs).
Arabs from the Trucial Coast made up only about 40 percent
of the
strength; Omanis, Iranians, Pakistanis, and Indians made
up the
remainder. Organized as light armored cavalry, the scouts
used
British weapons, trucks, and armored cars in carrying out
police
functions and in keeping peace among the tribes of the
various
amirates. During its approximately two decades of
existence, the
unit was respected for its impartial role in maintaining
public
order on the coast.
At the time of independence and federation, the Trucial
Oman
Scouts became the nucleus of the Union Defense Force
(UDF),
responsible to the federal minister of defense, the
Supreme
Council of the Union, and--ultimately--to the president of
the
federation, Shaykh Zayid ibn Sultan Al Nuhayyan, ruler of
Abu
Dhabi, who continued to fill this office in 1993. Separate
amirate forces are also authorized by the provisional
constitution, and the separate entities of the
union--especially
Abu Dhabi--have made clear that they intend to maintain
their own
forces. Drawing on tremendous oil wealth accumulated in
the early
1960s, the amir of Abu Dhabi gave high priority to the
development of the Abu Dhabi Defense Force (ADDF) when the
British withdrawal from the gulf was announced. The
ADDF--with
15,000 men and primarily British and Jordanian officers--
consisted of three army battalions, an artillery battery,
twelve
Hawker Hunter fighter-bombers, and a sea defense wing of
four
fast patrol boats. Dubayy had a much smaller force of
2,000, Ras
al Khaymah had 900, and Sharjah had even fewer.
Personnel for the UDF and separate amirate forces were
recruited from several countries of the region, but soon
after
independence enlistments from Dhofar region in Oman and
from the
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY, also seen as
South
Yemen) were curtailed out of fear that personnel from
these areas
might spread dangerous revolutionary doctrines. As the
largest in
territory, the most populous, and by far the richest of
the
amirates, Abu Dhabi has borne the brunt of funding the
federation's military establishment. A major step toward
unification of forces occurred in 1976 when Abu Dhabi,
Dubayy,
and Ras al Khaymah announced the merger of their separate
armed
forces with the UDF. Sharjah had previously merged its
police and
small military units into the UDF.
Despite the promises and pledges of 1976, true
integration
and unification of the UAE armed forces has not occurred.
The UDF
is seen by some, particularly the amir of Dubayy, as
merely an
extension of Abu Dhabi power. Individual amirs view their
forces
as symbols of sovereignty no matter the size or combat
readiness
of the units. The separate forces therefore continue as
they had
earlier, but they are called regional commands, only
nominally
part of the UDF. Shaykh Zayid ibn Sultan's attempt to
install his
eighteen-year-old son as commander in chief in 1978 shook
the
fragile unity of the UDF. Although the appointment was
rescinded,
Dubayy's resolve strengthened to maintain the autonomy of
the
Central Military Command, its own regional military
command.
As of 1992, the commander in chief of the UDF was Zayid
ibn
Sultan. The crown prince, Lieutenant General Khalifa ibn
Zayid Al
Nuhayyan, held immediate command as deputy commander in
chief.
The chief of staff with operational responsibilities was
Major
General Muhammad Said al Badi, a UAE national who replaced
a
Jordanian general in the post in the early 1980s. His
headquarters is in Abu Dhabi. The minister of defense is
Shaykh
Muhammad ibn Rashid Al Maktum, son of the ruler of Dubayy.
The
ministry, located in Dubayy, concerns itself primarily
with
administrative, personnel, and logistic matters and
apparently
has little influence on operational aspects of the UDF.
In data published by the Department of State in
mid-1991, the
total strength of the UDF with responsibility for defense
of six
of the seven amirates was estimated at 60,000. Dubayy
forces of
the Central Military Command with responsibility for the
defense
of Dubayy were given as 12,000. The Department of State
estimated
that there were 1,800 in the UDF air force and 1,000 in
the navy.
Estimates of ground forces given in The Military
Balance,
1992-1993 were significantly lower.
The Military Balance stated that perhaps 30
percent of
the armed services consist of foreigners, although other
sources
claim that the forces had a much higher proportion of
non-UAE
nationals. Omanis predominate in the enlisted ranks, but
there
are also many Pakistanis among the more than twenty
nationalities
represented. Well into the 1980s, many mid-level officers
were
Britons under contract, as well as Pakistanis and Omanis.
By 1991
the officer corps was composed almost exclusively of
amirate
nationals, according to the Department of State. The UAE
lacks a
conscription system and is unlikely to adopt one. It was
announced in 1990 that all university students would
undergo
military training as a requirement for graduation.
Although
adopted as a reaction to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the
UAE
authorities reportedly are considering continuation of the
requirement as a possible prelude to reservist training.
Data as of January 1993
Background
General Norman H. Schwarzkopf, commander in chief, United
States Central Command, with Brigadier General Muhammad ibn Abd
Allah Al Attiyah of Qatar, whom he presented with the Legion of
Merit for his role in Operation Desert Storm
Courtesy United States Air Force
General Norman H. Schwarzkopf speaks with Lieutenant
General Khamis ibn Humaid ibn Salim al Kilbani, chief of staff,
Royal Oman Land Forces, while touring As Sib Air Base during
Operation Desert Storm.
Courtesy United States Air Force
The numerous treaties that Britain concluded with the
several
gulf amirates in the nineteenth century provided, inter
alia,
that the British were responsible for foreign relations
and
protection from attack by sea. Until the early 1950s, the
principal military presence in the Trucial Coast states
(sometimes referred to as Trucial Oman) consisted of
British-led
Arab security forces and the personal bodyguard units of
the
ruling shaykhs. In 1951 the British formed the Trucial
Oman
Levies (later called the Trucial Oman Scouts) under a
British
commander who reported to the British political agent of
the
gulf. By the time the United Arab Emirates (UAE) became
independent on December 2, 1971, the scouts had become a
mobile
force of about 1,600 men, trained and led by about thirty
British
officers assisted by Jordanian noncommissioned officers
(NCOs).
Arabs from the Trucial Coast made up only about 40 percent
of the
strength; Omanis, Iranians, Pakistanis, and Indians made
up the
remainder. Organized as light armored cavalry, the scouts
used
British weapons, trucks, and armored cars in carrying out
police
functions and in keeping peace among the tribes of the
various
amirates. During its approximately two decades of
existence, the
unit was respected for its impartial role in maintaining
public
order on the coast.
At the time of independence and federation, the Trucial
Oman
Scouts became the nucleus of the Union Defense Force
(UDF),
responsible to the federal minister of defense, the
Supreme
Council of the Union, and--ultimately--to the president of
the
federation, Shaykh Zayid ibn Sultan Al Nuhayyan, ruler of
Abu
Dhabi, who continued to fill this office in 1993. Separate
amirate forces are also authorized by the provisional
constitution, and the separate entities of the
union--especially
Abu Dhabi--have made clear that they intend to maintain
their own
forces. Drawing on tremendous oil wealth accumulated in
the early
1960s, the amir of Abu Dhabi gave high priority to the
development of the Abu Dhabi Defense Force (ADDF) when the
British withdrawal from the gulf was announced. The
ADDF--with
15,000 men and primarily British and Jordanian officers--
consisted of three army battalions, an artillery battery,
twelve
Hawker Hunter fighter-bombers, and a sea defense wing of
four
fast patrol boats. Dubayy had a much smaller force of
2,000, Ras
al Khaymah had 900, and Sharjah had even fewer.
Personnel for the UDF and separate amirate forces were
recruited from several countries of the region, but soon
after
independence enlistments from Dhofar region in Oman and
from the
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY, also seen as
South
Yemen) were curtailed out of fear that personnel from
these areas
might spread dangerous revolutionary doctrines. As the
largest in
territory, the most populous, and by far the richest of
the
amirates, Abu Dhabi has borne the brunt of funding the
federation's military establishment. A major step toward
unification of forces occurred in 1976 when Abu Dhabi,
Dubayy,
and Ras al Khaymah announced the merger of their separate
armed
forces with the UDF. Sharjah had previously merged its
police and
small military units into the UDF.
Despite the promises and pledges of 1976, true
integration
and unification of the UAE armed forces has not occurred.
The UDF
is seen by some, particularly the amir of Dubayy, as
merely an
extension of Abu Dhabi power. Individual amirs view their
forces
as symbols of sovereignty no matter the size or combat
readiness
of the units. The separate forces therefore continue as
they had
earlier, but they are called regional commands, only
nominally
part of the UDF. Shaykh Zayid ibn Sultan's attempt to
install his
eighteen-year-old son as commander in chief in 1978 shook
the
fragile unity of the UDF. Although the appointment was
rescinded,
Dubayy's resolve strengthened to maintain the autonomy of
the
Central Military Command, its own regional military
command.
As of 1992, the commander in chief of the UDF was Zayid
ibn
Sultan. The crown prince, Lieutenant General Khalifa ibn
Zayid Al
Nuhayyan, held immediate command as deputy commander in
chief.
The chief of staff with operational responsibilities was
Major
General Muhammad Said al Badi, a UAE national who replaced
a
Jordanian general in the post in the early 1980s. His
headquarters is in Abu Dhabi. The minister of defense is
Shaykh
Muhammad ibn Rashid Al Maktum, son of the ruler of Dubayy.
The
ministry, located in Dubayy, concerns itself primarily
with
administrative, personnel, and logistic matters and
apparently
has little influence on operational aspects of the UDF.
In data published by the Department of State in
mid-1991, the
total strength of the UDF with responsibility for defense
of six
of the seven amirates was estimated at 60,000. Dubayy
forces of
the Central Military Command with responsibility for the
defense
of Dubayy were given as 12,000. The Department of State
estimated
that there were 1,800 in the UDF air force and 1,000 in
the navy.
Estimates of ground forces given in The Military
Balance,
1992-1993 were significantly lower.
The Military Balance stated that perhaps 30
percent of
the armed services consist of foreigners, although other
sources
claim that the forces had a much higher proportion of
non-UAE
nationals. Omanis predominate in the enlisted ranks, but
there
are also many Pakistanis among the more than twenty
nationalities
represented. Well into the 1980s, many mid-level officers
were
Britons under contract, as well as Pakistanis and Omanis.
By 1991
the officer corps was composed almost exclusively of
amirate
nationals, according to the Department of State. The UAE
lacks a
conscription system and is unlikely to adopt one. It was
announced in 1990 that all university students would
undergo
military training as a requirement for graduation.
Although
adopted as a reaction to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the
UAE
authorities reportedly are considering continuation of the
requirement as a possible prelude to reservist training.
Data as of January 1993
Background | | In 1783, the al-Khalifa family captured Bahrain from the Persians. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Facing declining oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining and has transformed itself into an international banking center. King HAMAD bin Isa al-Khalifa, after coming to power in 1999, pushed economic and political reforms to improve relations with the Shia community. Shia political societies participated in 2006 parliamentary and municipal elections. Al Wifaq, the largest Shia political society, won the largest number of seats in the elected chamber of the legislature. However, Shia discontent has resurfaced in recent years with street demonstrations and occasional low-level violence.
|
Location | | Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia
|
Area(sq km) | | total: 741 sq km land: 741 sq km water: 0 sq km
|
Geographic coordinates | | 26 00 N, 50 33 E
|
Land boundaries(km) | | 0 km
|
Coastline(km) | | 161 km
|
Climate | | arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
|
Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m
|
Natural resources | | oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls
|
Land use(%) | | arable land: 2.82% permanent crops: 5.63% other: 91.55% (2005)
|
Irrigated land(sq km) | | 40 sq km (2003)
|
Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 0.1 cu km (1997)
|
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 0.3 cu km/yr (40%/3%/57%) per capita: 411 cu m/yr (2000)
|
Natural hazards | | periodic droughts; dust storms
|
Environment - current issues | | desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources (groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs)
|
Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
Geography - note | | close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean
|
Population | | 727,785 note: includes 235,108 non-nationals (July 2009 est.)
|
Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 25.9% (male 95,224/female 93,241) 15-64 years: 70.2% (male 292,941/female 217,729) 65 years and over: 3.9% (male 15,106/female 13,544) (2009 est.)
|
Median age(years) | | total: 30.1 years male: 33.2 years female: 26.7 years (2009 est.)
|
Population growth rate(%) | | 1.285% (2009 est.)
|
Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 17.02 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 4.37 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
|
Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | 0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 89% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 1.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
|
Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.34 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.12 male(s)/female total population: 1.24 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|
Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 15.25 deaths/1,000 live births male: 17.81 deaths/1,000 live births female: 12.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
|
Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 75.16 years male: 72.64 years female: 77.76 years (2009 est.)
|
Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 2.5 children born/woman (2009 est.)
|
Nationality | | noun: Bahraini(s) adjective: Bahraini
|
Ethnic groups(%) | | Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)
|
Religions(%) | | Muslim (Shia and Sunni) 81.2%, Christian 9%, other 9.8% (2001 census)
|
Languages(%) | | Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu
|
Country name | | conventional long form: Kingdom of Bahrain conventional short form: Bahrain local long form: Mamlakat al Bahrayn local short form: Al Bahrayn former: Dilmun
|
Government type | | constitutional monarchy
|
Capital | | name: Manama geographic coordinates: 26 14 N, 50 34 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|
Administrative divisions | | 5 governorates; Asamah, Janubiyah, Muharraq, Shamaliyah, Wasat note: each governorate administered by an appointed governor
|
Constitution | | adopted 14 February 2002
|
Legal system | | based on Islamic law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
Suffrage | | 20 years of age; universal
|
Executive branch | | chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969) head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al-Khalifa (since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa, Jawad al-ARAIDH cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch elections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
|
Legislative branch | | bicameral legislature consists of the Consultative Council (40 members appointed by the King) and the Council of Representatives or Chamber of Deputies (40 seats; members directly elected to serve four-year terms) elections: Council of Representatives - last held November-December 2006 (next election to be held in 2010) election results: Council of Representatives - percent of vote by society - NA; seats by society - al Wifaq (Shia) 17, al Asala (Sunni Salafi) 5, al Minbar (Sunni Muslim Brotherhood) 7, independents 11; note - seats by society as of February 2007 - al Wifaq 17, al Asala 8, al Minbar 7, al Mustaqbal (Moderate Sunni pro-government) 4, unassociated independents (all Sunni) 3, independent affiliated with al Wifaq (Sunni oppositionist) 1
|
Judicial branch | | High Civil Appeals Court
|
Political pressure groups and leaders | | Shia activists; Sunni Islamist legislators other: several small leftist and other groups are active
|
International organization participation | | ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
Flag description | | red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam
|
Economy - overview | | With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. Petroleum production and refining account for over 60% of Bahrain's export receipts, over 70% of government revenues, and 11% of GDP (exclusive of allied industries), underpinning Bahrain's strong economic growth in recent years. Aluminum is Bahrain's second major export after oil. Other major segments of Bahrain's economy are the financial and construction sectors. Bahrain is focused on Islamic banking and is competing on an international scale with Malaysia as a worldwide banking center. Bahrain is actively pursuing the diversification and privatization of its economy to reduce the country's dependence on oil. As part of this effort, in August 2006 Bahrain and the US implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. Continued strong growth hinges on Bahrain's ability to acquire new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of oil and underground water resources are long-term economic problems. The global financial crisis is likely to result in slower economic growth for Bahrain during 2009 as tight international credit and a slowing global economy cause funding for many non-oil projects to dry up. Lower oil prices may also cause Bahrain's budget to slip back into deficit.
|
GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $26.89 billion (2008 est.) $25.29 billion (2007 est.) $23.34 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP (official exchange rate) | | $21.24 billion (2008 est.)
|
GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 6.3% (2008 est.) 8.4% (2007 est.) 6.7% (2006 est.)
|
GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $37,400 (2008 est.) $35,700 (2007 est.) $33,400 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars
|
GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 0.4% industry: 66.2% services: 33.3% (2008 est.)
|
Labor force | | 557,000 note: 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2008 est.)
|
Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 1% industry: 79% services: 20% (1997 est.)
|
Unemployment rate(%) | | 15% (2005 est.)
|
Population below poverty line(%) | | NA%
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
|
Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 26.6% of GDP (2008 est.)
|
Budget | | revenues: $6.934 billion expenditures: $5.612 billion (2008 est.)
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 7% (2008 est.) 3.3% (2007 est.)
|
Stock of money | | $NA (31 December 2008) $4.169 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of quasi money | | $NA (31 December 2008) $10.63 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Stock of domestic credit | | $NA (31 December 2008) $10.32 billion (31 December 2007)
|
Market value of publicly traded shares | | $21.18 billion (31 December 2008) $28.13 billion (31 December 2007) $21.12 billion (31 December 2006)
|
Economic aid - recipient | | $103.9 million (2004)
|
Public debt(% of GDP) | | 28.7% of GDP (2008 est.) 63.8% of GDP (2004 est.)
|
Agriculture - products | | fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish
|
Industries | | petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, Islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism
|
Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 6.3% (2008 est.)
|
Current account balance | | $2.257 billion (2008 est.) $2.907 billion (2007 est.)
|
Exports | | $17.49 billion (2008 est.) $13.79 billion (2007 est.)
|
Exports - commodities(%) | | petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles
|
Exports - partners(%) | | Saudi Arabia 3.4%, India 2.7%, UAE 2.2% (2008)
|
Imports | | $14.25 billion (2008 est.) $10.93 billion (2007 est.)
|
Imports - commodities(%) | | crude oil, machinery, chemicals
|
Imports - partners(%) | | Saudi Arabia 26.7%, Japan 8.9%, US 7.8%, China 6.2%, Germany 4.8%, South Korea 4.7%, UK 4.5% (2008)
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $3.803 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $4.101 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Debt - external | | $10.33 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $7.858 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $15.01 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $13.31 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $9.34 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $7.72 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
Exchange rates | | Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar - 0.376 (2008 est.), 0.376 (2007), 0.376 (2006), 0.376 (2005), 0.376 (2004)
|
Currency (code) | | Bahraini dinar (BHD)
|
Telephones - main lines in use | | 220,000 (2008)
|
Telephones - mobile cellular | | 1.4 million (2008)
|
Telephone system | | general assessment: modern system domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile-cellular telephones international: country code - 973; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2007)
|
Internet country code | | .bh
|
Internet users | | 402,900 (2008)
|
Airports | | 3 (2009)
|
Pipelines(km) | | gas 20 km; oil 32 km (2008)
|
Roadways(km) | | total: 3,498 km paved: 2,768 km unpaved: 730 km (2003)
|
Ports and terminals | | Mina' Salman, Sitrah
|
Military branches | | Bahrain Defense Forces (BDF): Ground Force (includes Air Defense), Naval Force, Air Force, National Guard
|
Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 17 years of age for voluntary military service; 15 years of age for NCOs, technicians, and cadets; no conscription (2008)
|
Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 210,938 females age 16-49: 170,471 (2008 est.)
|
Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 171,004 females age 16-49: 144,555 (2009 est.)
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 6,612 female: 6,499 (2009 est.)
|
Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 4.5% of GDP (2006)
|
Disputes - international | | none
|
Trafficking in persons | | current situation: Bahrain is a destination country for men and women trafficked for the purposes of involuntary servitude and commercial sexual exploitation; men and women from Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia migrate voluntarily to Bahrain to work as laborers or domestic servants where some face conditions of involuntary servitude such as unlawful withholding of passports, restrictions on movements, non-payment of wages, threats, and physical or sexual abuse; women from Thailand, Morocco, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia are trafficked to Bahrain for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Bahrain is on the Tier 2 Watch List for failing to show evidence of increased efforts to combat human trafficking, particularly efforts that enforce laws against trafficking in persons, and that prevent the punishment of victims of trafficking; during 2007, Bahrain passed a comprehensive law prohibiting all forms of trafficking in persons; the government also established a specialized anti-trafficking unit within the Ministry of Interior to investigate trafficking crimes; however, the government did not report any prosecutions or convictions for trafficking offenses during 2007, despite reports of a substantial problem of involuntary servitude and sex trafficking (2008)
|
Electricity - production(kWh) | | 10.25 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
|
Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 10.1 billion kWh (2007 est.)
|
Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 48,520 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 38,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 238,300 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 228,400 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 124.6 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 12.64 billion cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 12.64 billion cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 92.03 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 0.2% (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | fewer than 600 (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths | | fewer than 200 (2003 est.)
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Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 86.5% male: 88.6% female: 83.6% (2001 census)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 15 years male: 14 years female: 16 years (2006)
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Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 3.9% of GDP (1991)
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